Editing Pope Stephen VIII (section)

==Pontificate==
===Frankish conflicts===
After becoming [[pope]], Stephen gave his attention to the situation in [[West Francia]]. In early 940, Stephen intervened on behalf of [[Louis IV of France]], who had been trying to bring to heel his rebellious vassals, [[Hugh the Great]] and [[Herbert II of Vermandois]], both of whom had appealed for support from King [[Otto I of Germany]].{{Sfnp|Mann|1910|pp=213–214}} Stephen dispatched a [[papal legate]] to the Frankish nobles, instructing them to acknowledge Louis, and to cease their rebellious actions against him, under threat of [[excommunication]]. Although the embassy did not achieve its stated objective, it did have the effect of removing the support of the Frankish bishops who had been backing Hugh and Herbert.{{Sfnp|Mann|1910|p=214}}

Emboldened, Stephen sought to break up the alliance against Louis by offering Herbert's son, [[Hugh of Vermandois (archbishop)|Hugh of Vermandois]], the office of [[archbishop of Reims]].{{Sfnp|Mann|1910|p=214}} Along with the [[pallium]], Stephen sent another legate, with instructions to the Frankish nobility, insisting that they submit to Louis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeCormenin |first=Louis Marie |title=A Complete History of the Popes of Rome, from Saint Peter, the First Bishop to Pius the Ninth |last2=Gihon |first2=James L. |date=1857 |page=290}}</ref> This time they were informed that if the pope had not received their embassies by [[Christmas]], notifying him of their intent to submit to the king, they would be excommunicated.{{Sfnp|Mann|1910|p=214}} This time, there was a shift in support to Louis, as a number of the more important nobles declared for him, and by the end of 942, all of the nobility had affirmed their loyalty to Louis, and notified the pope of their intent.{{Sfnp|Mann|1910|pp=214–215}}

===Domestic difficulties===
The continuing domination of the [[counts of Tusculum]] was evident throughout Stephen's pontificate, and the period is thus known as ''[[Saeculum obscurum]]''. Although Stephen was subject to [[Alberic II of Spoleto]] and did not in reality rule the [[Papal States]], Stephen himself was not a member of that family, nor had he any relationship with Alberic's mother, [[Marozia]], who had dominated Roman and papal politics during the preceding decades.{{Sfnp|Mann|1910|p=217}} Stephen was, however, caught up in the ongoing conflict between Alberic and King [[Hugh of Italy]], with Hugh besieging Rome in 940.{{Sfnp|Mann|1910|p=215}} After a failed attempt to assassinate him, which involved a number of bishops, Alberic cracked down on any potential dissent in Rome, with his enemies either scourged, beheaded or imprisoned. If there is any truth to [[Martin of Opava]]’s account of the torture and maiming of Stephen VIII by supporters of Alberic, it must have occurred at this juncture, in the aftermath of the conspiracy, and just prior to Stephen's death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |author-link=John Julius Norwich |title=The Popes: A History |date=2011 |page=76}}</ref>

On 17 August 942, Alberic summoned a council in Rome, where he demonstrated his control over the papacy by making use of various papal officials, such as the [[primicerius]], the [[Notarius|secundicerius of the notaries]], and the [[vestararius]].{{Sfnp|Mann|1910|pp=215–216}} Stephen died during October 942, and was succeeded by [[Marinus II]].