Editing Pope Paschal II (section)

== Papacy ==

After Pope Urban II's death, Paschal reacted to the success of the First Crusade by preaching the penitential Crusade of 1101.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC | isbn=978-0299048341 | title=A History of the Crusades | year=1969 | publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press }}</ref> 

During the long struggle of the papacy with the [[Holy Roman emperor]]s over [[Investiture Controversy|investiture]], Paschal II zealously carried on the [[Pope Gregory VII|Hildebrandine]] policy in favor of papal privilege, but with only partial success. [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]], son of [[Emperor Henry IV]], took advantage of his father's [[excommunication]] to rebel, even to the point of seeking out Paschal II for absolution for associating with his father.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Megan|last1=McLaughlin|title=Sex, Gender, and Episcopal Authority in an Age of Reform, 1000–1122|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|page=175|isbn=978-0521870054}}</ref> But, Henry V was even more persistent in maintaining the right of investiture than Emperor Henry IV had been before his death in 1106. The imperial [[diet (assembly)|Diet]] at [[Mainz]] invited Paschal II to visit Germany and settle the trouble in January 1106, but the pope in the Council of [[Guastalla]] (October 1106) simply renewed the prohibition of investiture.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Uta-Renate|last1=Blumenthal|title=The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1988|page=167|isbn=978-0812213867}}</ref><ref name=EB1911/>

In the same year he brought to an end the investiture struggle in [[England]], in which [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], [[archbishop of Canterbury]], had been engaged with [[Henry I of England|King Henry I]], by retaining to himself exclusive right to invest with the ring and crozier, but recognizing the royal nomination to vacate [[benefice]]s and the oath of fealty for temporal domains. Paschal went to [[France]] at the close of 1106 to seek the mediation of [[Philip I of France|King Philip I]] and his son [[Louis VI of France|Louis]] in the imperial struggle, but he returned to Italy in September 1107, his negotiations remaining without result. When Henry V advanced with an army into Italy in order to be crowned, the pope agreed to a compact in February 1111 which stipulated that before receiving the imperial crown, Henry was to abjure all claims to investitures, whilst the pope undertook to compel the prelates and abbots of the empire to restore all the temporal rights and privileges which they held from the crown.<ref>{{CE1913|title = Pope Paschal II|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11514b.htm|last=Loughlin|first=James|volume=11|access-date=25 December 2017|inline=1}}</ref> Preparations were made for the coronation on 12 February 1111, but the Romans rose in revolt against Henry, and the German king retired, taking the pope and Curia with him.<ref name=EB1911/>

After 61 days of harsh imprisonment, during which Prince [[Robert I of Capua]]'s [[Italo-Normans|Norman]] army was repulsed on its rescue mission, Paschal II yielded and guaranteed investiture to the emperor. Henry V was then crowned in [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]] on 13 April 1111, and, after exacting a promise that no revenge would be taken for what had happened, withdrew beyond the [[Alps]]. The Hildebrandine party was aroused to action, however; a [[Lateran]] council of March 1112 declared null and void the concessions extorted by violence; a council held at [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]] in October 1111 excommunicated the emperor; and Paschal II sanctioned the proceeding.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://catholicsaints.info/new-catholic-dictionary-pope-paschal-ii/| title = 'Pope Paschal II'. ''New Catholic Dictionary''. CatholicSaints.Info. 23 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=EB1911/>

[[File:Piae Postulatio Voluntatis bull of Pope Paschal II, 1113.jpg|thumb|right|''Pie Postulatio Voluntatis'', bull issued by Paschal II in 1113]]
Pope Paschal II ordered the building of the basilica of [[Santi Quattro Coronati]] on the ashes of the one burned during the Norman [[Sack of Rome (1084)|sack of Rome in 1084]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Matilda|last1=Webb|title=The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome: A Comprehensive Guide|publisher=T.J. International|year=2001|page=93|isbn=978-1902210582}}</ref>

During Paschal's trip to France in 1106–1107, he consecrated the Cluniac church of Notre Dame at La Charité-sur-Loire,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Suger (Abbot)|title=De La Venue En France Du Pape Pascal II (1107) / Of Pope Paschal II's Travel to France (1107)|url=http://hypo.ge-dip.etat-ge.ch/www/cliotexte/sites/Arisitum/textes/histo/pape1.html|access-date=1 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233512/http://hypo.ge-dip.etat-ge.ch/www/cliotexte/sites/Arisitum/textes/histo/pape1.html|archive-date=26 September 2007|language=fr|quote=puis de Cluny à La Charité, où, au milieu d'un très grand concours d'archevêques, d'évêques et de moines, il dédia et consacra ce fameux monastère [...] 6) Le 9 mars 1107. Le monastère de la Charité-sur-Loire (Nièvre, arrondissement de Cosne) était un prieuré clunisien.|url-status=dead}}</ref> the second largest church in Europe at the time.

Towards the end of his pontificate trouble began anew in England; Paschal II complained in 1115 that councils were held and bishops translated without his authorization, and he threatened Henry I with [[excommunication]]. [[Matilda of Tuscany]] was said to have bequeathed all her allodial lands to the Church upon her death in 1115, but the donation was neither publicly acknowledged in Rome nor is any documentary record of the donation preserved. Emperor Henry V at once laid claim to Matilda's lands as imperial fiefs and forced the pope to flee from Rome. Paschal II returned after the emperor's withdrawal at the beginning of 1118, but died within a few days, on 21 January 1118.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Paschal (popes) |display=Paschal ''s.v.'' Paschal II.|volume=20|page=882 |inline=1 |first=Carlton Joseph Huntley |last=Hayes |author-link=Carlton J. H. Hayes}}</ref>

In 1116, Paschal II, at the behest of Count [[Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona]], issued a crusade for the capture of [[Tarragona]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Bernard F.|last1=Reilly|title=The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain: 1031–1157|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=1995|page=177|isbn=978-0631199649}}</ref>

During Paschal's papacy some efforts were made by the [[Byzantine]] Emperor [[Alexios I]] to bridge the [[East–West Schism|schism]] between the Orthodox and the Catholic Church, but these failed, as Paschal pressed the demand that the [[patriarch of Constantinople]] recognise the pope's primacy over "all the churches of God throughout the world" in late 1112. This was something [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Orthodox Patriarchs]] [[Nicholas III of Constantinople|Nicholas Grammaticus]] and [[John IX of Constantinople|John Agapetus]] could not do in face of opposition from the majority of clergy, the monastic world, and the laity.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Joan Mervyn|last1=Hussey|title=The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1986|pages=170–171|isbn=978-0198269014}}</ref>

Pope Paschal II issued the bull ''[[Pie postulatio voluntatis]]'' on 15 February 1113.<ref>{{cite web|title=Piae postulatio voluntatis|url=http://blessed-gerard.org/bgt_1_3.htm|website=Blessed Gerard|date=11 October 2015}}</ref> It brought under Papal protection and confirmed as a religious order the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, later known as the Knights Hospitaller and today known as the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]. It also confirmed the order's acquisitions and donations in Europe and Asia and exempted it from all authority save that of the pope.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sire|first1=H.J.A.|title=The Knights of Malta|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven & London|year=1996|isbn=978-0300055023}}{{page needed|date=January 2021}}</ref>