Editing Pope Lucius II (section)

==Pontificate==
===Relations with England and Portugal===
Lucius was involved in the usual running of church business throughout medieval [[Christendom]]. In [[England]], he granted a number of privileges to bishops, [[monasteries]] and churches, including exempting the monastery of St. Edmund from all subjection to the secular authorities.<ref name="Mann, pg. 119">Mann, pg. 119</ref> He also dispatched a papal legate, Igmarus (or Hincmar), to England, charged to investigate the request of [[Bernard (Bishop of St David's)|Bernard]], [[Bishop of St David's]], to elevate his see to the rank of [[metropolitan bishop]], and to take the [[pallium]] to Archbishop [[William of York]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 119"/> Regarding the political situation in England, he took the side of the [[Empress Matilda]] over the rights to the English crown.<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960">Levillain, pg. 960</ref>

Early in his reign, Lucius received a request from prominent members of the town of [[Lucca]] to become the [[suzerain]] of the castle within the town in order to protect it from the war between Lucca and [[Pisa]]. Lucius received it on 18 March 1144 and, for a payment of ten pounds of gold, agreed to defend it on his behalf. Lucius then returned the castle to them as a [[fief]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 121">Mann, pg. 121</ref>

Meanwhile, in [[Portugal]], King [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso I]], eager to maintain the newly established independence of Portugal from the [[Kingdom of León]], offered to do [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] to Lucius, as he had done to Pope Innocent II, and to make the pope the feudal suzerain of his lands. He offered Lucius his territory and a yearly tribute of four ounces of gold in exchange for the defence and support of the [[Apostolic See]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 121"/> Although Lucius accepted Afonso's feudal homage on 1 May 1144, and excused him from appearing in person, he did not acknowledge Afonso as [[King of Portugal]], but instead as ''Dux Portugallensis''.<ref>Mann, pg 122</ref> The royal title would eventually be conferred by [[Pope Alexander III]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 123">Mann, pg. 123</ref>

Finally, the city of [[Tarquinia|Corneto]], formally belonging to the [[Papal States]], was restored to the papacy during Lucius’ pontificate by a formal deed on 20 November 1144.<ref name="Mann, pg. 123"/>

===Conflict with Roger II of Sicily===
Although Lucius had been the friend of King [[Roger II of Sicily]] and [[godparent]] to one of his children,<ref name="Mann, pg. 115"/> the situation between the two deteriorated. The two parties met at [[Ceprano]] in June 1144<ref name="Mann, pg. 116">Mann, pg. 116</ref> to clarify the duties of Roger as a [[vassal]] of the [[Holy See]]. Lucius demanded the return of the principality of [[Capua]], while Roger instead wanted additional territory that formed part of the Papal States in the south.<ref name="Mann, pg. 116"/> Lucius II, on the advice of his cardinals,<ref name="Thomas, pg. 92">Thomas, pg. 92</ref> was unwilling to accept Roger's demands and rejected them. Infuriated, King Roger returned to [[Sicily]] and asked his son Duke [[Roger III of Apulia]] to invade [[Campania]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 116"/> Duke Roger did as he was asked, and sent his general [[Robert of Selby]] against Lucius, ravaging the country as far north as [[Ferentino]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 116"/> This forced the Romans to capitulate, and in September 1144, Lucius agreed to Roger's terms, negotiating a seven-year truce.<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960"/> The [[Normans]] in return withdrew back to their conquered territories<ref name="Mann, pg. 116"/> and promised not to attack [[Benevento]] or any other papal territory.<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960"/>

===Emergence of the Roman Commune===
{{see|Commune of Rome}}
This surrender on the part of Lucius II gave an opportunity for members of the [[Roman Senate]] to reassert their ancient independence and authority and to erect a [[revolutionary republic]] at [[Rome]] which sought to deprive the pope of his temporal power. The principal groups involved in this movement were the merchants and artisans, while the urban nobility kept their neutrality.<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960"/>

The Senate, which practically took all temporal power from the pope during the pontificate of Innocent II, had been managed with considerable skill and firmness by Lucius at the beginning of his pontificate, convincing many senators to either leave the [[Capitoline Hill]] or to lay down their [[magisterium]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 117">Mann, pg. 117</ref> Now, encouraged by Lucius II's defeat, the Senate, led by [[Giordano Pierleoni]], brother of the former [[Antipope Anacletus II]], rebelled against Lucius II, driving out the papal prefects<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960"/> and establishing the [[Commune of Rome]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 117"/> They demanded the pope abandon all governmental duties, and that he would retain only ecclesiastical taxes and voluntary tributes.<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960"/> The Senate took over powers to elect magistrates and strike its own coinage.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Popes: A History|last=NORWICH|first=JOHN JU|date=2012|publisher=Vintage|isbn=9780099565871|location=London|language=English}}</ref> At first, Lucius asked for Roger II's aid, but Roger, still annoyed that Lucius had not fully recognised his kingship, withheld his assistance.<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960"/> Lucius then turned for help to [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad]], [[King of the Romans]],<ref name="Thomas, pg. 92"/> and on December 1144 wrote to him pleading for military assistance against the Senate and the [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|Patrician]] Giordano Pierleoni.<ref name="Mann, pg. 117"/> Lucius was supported by [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], who also wrote to Conrad, asking for him to intervene.<ref name="Mann, pg. 118">Mann, pg. 118</ref>

While waiting for Conrad's reply, Lucius decided to take matters into his own hands.<ref name="Thomas, pg. 92"/> Turning to the Roman aristocracy, in particular the [[Frangipani family]], he gave them the fortress of the [[Circus Maximus]] on 31 January 1145, allowing them complete control of the southern portion of the [[Palatine Hill]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 118"/> The [[Roman Forum]] had become a battleground, and the confusion prevented Lucius from travelling to the [[Aventine Hill]] to [[ordain]] the [[abbot]] of [[San Saba, Rome|San Saba]] on 20 January 1145.<ref name="Mann, pg. 118"/>

Finally, Lucius marched against the Senatorial positions on the Capitol with a small army. He was driven back by Giordano,<ref name="Mann, pg. 118"/> and according to [[Godfrey of Viterbo]], he was seriously injured during this battle (by a thrown stone).<ref name="Mann, pg. 118"/> He did not recover from his injuries and died on 15 February 1145<ref name="Thomas, pg. 92"/> at [[San Gregorio Magno al Celio]], where he was under the protection of the neighbouring Frangipani fortress.<ref name="Mann, pg. 119"/>

Lucius II was buried at [[St John Lateran]] in the circular portico behind the apse.<ref name="Mann, pg. 119"/> His [[heraldic badge]] was a [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]] of argent, with a bear rampant of proper sable.<ref>Mann, pg. 113</ref>