Editing Pope Honorius III (section)

==Papacy==
===Election===
[[File:Vad-0321 025 Honorius III (cropped).jpg|thumb|243px|Honorius depicted in a 13th-century manuscript from [[Weissenau Abbey]]]]
Innocent III died on 16 July 1216. Two days later, seventeen cardinals present at his death assembled to [[papal election, 1216|elect a new pope]]. The troubled state of affairs in Italy, the threatening attitude of the [[Tatars]], and the fear of a [[Schism (religion)|schism]] induced the cardinals to agree to an election by compromise. Cardinals Ugolino of Ostia (afterwards [[Pope Gregory IX]]) and Guido Papareschi were empowered to appoint the new pope. Their choice fell upon Cencio Savelli, who accepted the [[papal tiara|tiara]] with reluctance and took the name of Honorius III. He was consecrated at Perugia on 24 July 1216 and was crowned at Rome on 31&nbsp;August 1216. He took possession of the Lateran on 3 September 1216. The Roman people were greatly elated at the election, for Honorius III was himself a Roman and by his extreme kindness had endeared himself to the hearts of all.<ref name="Catholic"/>

===Fifth Crusade===
[[File:LANCUM-9BA377, Medieval papal bulla of Honorius III (FindID 217402).jpg|thumb|[[Papal bulla]] of Honorius III ]]
The [[Fifth Crusade]] was endorsed by the [[Fourth Council of the Lateran|Lateran Council]] of 1215, and Honorius started preparations for the crusade to begin in 1217.<ref>Smith, Thomas W. (2013). "[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/28904246.pdf Pope Honorius III and the Holy Land Crusades, 1216–1227: A Study in Responsive Papal Government]“. Ph.D thesis, University of London.</ref> To procure the means necessary for this colossal undertaking, the Pope, and the cardinals were to contribute the tenth part of their income for three years. All other ecclesiastics were to contribute the twentieth part. Though the money thus collected was considerable, it was by no means sufficient for a general crusade as planned by Honorius III.<ref name="Catholic"/>

Far-reaching prospects seemed to open before him when Honorius crowned [[Peter II of Courtenay]] as [[Latin Empire|Latin Emperor]] of [[Constantinople]] in April 1217, but the new Emperor was captured on his eastward journey by the [[Despotate of Epirus|despot of Epirus]], [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas]], and died in confinement.

In July 1216, Honorius once again called upon [[Andrew II of Hungary]] to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade.<ref>Bárány, Attila (2012). "II. András balkáni külpolitikája [Andrew II's foreign policy in the Balkans]". In Kerny, Terézia; Smohay, András (eds.). II. András and Székesfehérvár [Andrew II and Székesfehérvár] (in Hungarian). Székesfehérvári Egyházmegyei Múzeum. p. 
462. {{ISBN|978-963-87898-4-6}}.</ref> (Béla III willed property and money to Andrew, obliging him to lead a crusade to the Holy Land.) Like many other rulers, his former pupil, the Emperor Frederick II of Germany, had taken an oath to embark for the Holy Land in 1217.<ref name="Catholic"/> But Frederick II hung back, and Honorius III repeatedly put off the date for the beginning of the expedition. In spite of the insistence of Honorius III, Frederick II still delayed, and the [[Egypt]]ian campaign failed miserably with the loss of [[Damietta]] on 8 September 1221.

Most rulers of Europe were engaged in wars of their own and could not leave their countries for any length of time. King Andrew II of Hungary and, somewhat later, a fleet of crusaders from the region along the Lower [[Rhine]] finally departed for the Holy Land. They took Damietta and a few other places in [[Egypt]], but a lack of unity among the Christians and rivalry between their leaders and the [[papal legate]] [[Pelagius (papal legate)|Pelagius]] resulted in failure.<ref name="Catholic"/>

24 June 1225 was finally fixed as the date for the departure of Frederick II, and Honorius III brought about his marriage to Queen [[Isabella II of Jerusalem]] with a view to binding him closer to the plan. But the [[Treaty of San Germano]] in July 1225 permitted a further delay of two years.

Frederick II now made serious preparations for the crusade. In the midst of it, however, Pope Honorius III died in Rome on 18 March 1227 without seeing the achievement of his hopes. It was left to his successor, [[Pope Gregory IX]], to insist upon their accomplishment.

Besides the liberation of the Holy Land, Honorius III felt bound to forward the repression of [[Cathar]] heresy in the south of [[France]], the war for the faith in the Spanish peninsula, the planting of Christianity in the lands along the [[Baltic Sea]], and the maintenance of the unsustainable Latin empire in Constantinople.

Of these projects, the rooting out of heresy lay nearest to Honorius III's heart. In the south of France, he carried on Innocent III's work, confirming [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester]] in the possession of the lands of [[Raymond VI of Toulouse]] and succeeding, as Innocent III had not, in drawing the royal house of France into the conflict.

The most widely important event of this period was the [[Siege of Avignon (1226)|siege and capture of Avignon]] in 1226. Both Honorius III and King [[Louis VIII of France]] turned a deaf ear to Frederick II's assertion of the claims of the Empire to that town.

===Approval of religious orders and other works===
[[File:Giotto di Bondone 073.jpg|thumb|upright|240px|''Saint Francis preaches in the presence of Honorius III'': fresco by [[Giotto]] in the [[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi]] ({{circa|1296-98}})]]

Pope Honorius III approved the [[Dominican Order]] in 1216,<ref>''Religiosam vitam'': A. Tommassetti, ''Bullarum, Diplomatum, et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Taurinensis editio'' III (Turin 1858), p. 309–311 (December 22, 1216).</ref> the [[Franciscan Order]] in 1223,<ref>''Solet annuere'': A. Tommassetti, ''Bullarum, Diplomatum, et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Taurinensis editio'' III (Turin 1858), p. 394–397 (November 29, 1223).</ref> and the [[Carmelite Order]]'s [[Carmelite Rule of St. Albert|Rule of St. Albert of Jerusalem]] in 1226.<ref>''Ut vivendi'': A. Tommassetti, ''Bullarum, Diplomatum, et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Taurinensis editio'' III (Turin 1858), p. 415–417 (January 30, 1226).</ref>

In 1219 Honorius III invited [[Saint Dominic]] and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman [[basilica]] of [[Santa Sabina]], which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in [[Rome]] at the convent of [[San Sisto Vecchio]], which Honorius had given to St. Dominic c. 1218, intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns in Rome under Dominic's guidance. The ''studium conventuale'' at Santa Sabina was the forerunner of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] ''[[studium generale]]'' at [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]].<ref>This institution would be transformed in the 16th century into the College of Saint Thomas ({{langx|la|Collegium Divi Thomæ}}), and then in the 20th century into the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] (the "Angelicum"), sited at the convent of [[Santi Domenico e Sisto|Saints Dominic and Sixtus]]. The curriculum specializes in the strict interpretation of the theology of St. Thomas Aquinas; 3/4 of its 1000 students are from the clergy.</ref>

In 1217 Honorius III gave the title of [[King of Serbia]] to [[Stefan the First-Crowned]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grumeza |first1=Ion |title=The Roots of Balkanization Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 |date=2010 |publisher=University Press of America |location=United States of America |isbn=978-0-7618-5135-6 |page=161}}</ref>

During his pontificate, many of the [[third order|tertiary orders]] came into existence. He approved the Franciscan [[Secular Franciscan Order|Brothers and Sisters of Penance]] Rule in 1221 with the bull ''Memoriale propositi''. He also approved the religious congregation [[Order of Val des Écoliers|"Val des Écoliers"]] (valley of scholars), which had been founded by four pious professors of theology at the [[University of Paris]], [[France]].<ref name="Catholic"/>

Being a man of learning, Honorius insisted that the clergy receive a thorough education, especially in theology. In the case of a certain Hugh whom the chapter of [[Chartres]] had elected bishop, he withheld his approbation because the bishop-elect did not possess sufficient knowledge, ''quum pateretur in litteratura defectum'', as the Pope stated in a letter dated 8 January 1219. He even deprived another bishop of his office on account of illiteracy. Honorius bestowed various privileges upon the [[University of Paris]] and [[University of Bologna]], the two greatest seats of learning during those times. In order to facilitate the study of theology in dioceses that were distant from the great centers of learning, he ordered in the bull ''Super specula Domini'' that some talented young men should be sent to a recognized theological school to study theology with the purpose of teaching it afterwards in their dioceses.<ref name="Catholic">{{Catholic|wstitle=Pope Honorius III|inline=1}}</ref>