Editing Pope Alexander III (section)

==Disputed election==
{{main|1159 papal election}}
Pope Adrian IV died 1 September 1159.{{sfn|Duggan|2016|p=17}} On 7 September 1159, Rolando Bandinelli was [[1159 papal election|elected]] pope and took the name Alexander III.{{sfn|Logan|2002|p=135}} A minority of the cardinals, however, elected the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of [[Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164)|Victor IV]] and became Frederick's [[antipope]].{{sfn|Logan|2002|p=135}}

By 1160, faced with a papal schism, Alexander, and Victor, were summoned by Emperor Frederick to a council in Pavia.{{sfn|Morris|1989|p=194}} Alexander refused, stating a pope can only be judged by God.{{sfn|Suger|2018|p=178}} The council of Pavia met from 5 to 11 February and recognized Victor IV's election as pope.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=266}} On 13 February, Victor IV excommunicated Alexander.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=267}} Upon receiving the news on 24 March 1160, Alexander, who was at Anagni, excommunicated both Victor and Frederick.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=267}}

In 1161, King [[Géza II of Hungary]] [[Concordat of 1161|signed an agreement]] and recognised Alexander III as the rightful pope and declared that the supreme spiritual leader was the only one who could exercise the rite of [[investiture]].<ref>Bodri Ferenc: Lukács érsek és kora. Kossuth, 2003</ref> This meant that Alexander's legitimacy was gaining strength, as soon proved by the fact that other monarchs, such as the king of France and King [[Henry II of England]], recognized his authority. Because of imperial strength in Italy, Alexander was forced to reside outside Rome for a large part of his pontificate.<ref name=Pennington/> When news reached him of the death of Victor in 1164, he openly wept, and scolded the cardinals in his company for rejoicing at the end of the rival antipope.<ref name="mir">[http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1138.htm#Monticelli The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church-Momticelli]; S. Miranda</ref>

However, the dispute between Alexander III, [[Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164)|Victor IV]] and Victor's successors [[Paschal III]] and [[Antipope Calixtus III|Calixtus III]] (who had the German imperial support) continued until Frederick Barbarossa's defeat at the [[Battle of Legnano|Legnano]] in 1176, after which Barbarossa finally (in the [[Peace of Venice]] of 1177) recognized Alexander III as pope.<ref name=Loughlin/> On 12 March 1178, Alexander III returned to Rome, which he had been compelled to leave twice: the first time between 1162 and 23 November 1165. When Alexander was arrested by supporters of the imperialist [[Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164)|Victor IV]], he was freed by [[Oddone Frangipane]], who sent him to safety in the [[Campania]].  Alexander again left Rome in 1167, travelling first to [[Benevento]] and later moving to various strongholds such as those of [[Anagni]], [[Palestrina]], [[Ferentino]], [[Tusculum]], and [[Veroli]].<ref name=Pennington/>