Editing Pope Alexander II (section)

== Election as pope ==
[[File:Firmaautografa-papaalessandroii.jpg|thumb|[[Papal bull|Bull]] of Alexander II]]
[[Pope Nicholas II]] died on 27 July 1061. The [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] met, and sent a representative, the former monk of Cluny, Cardinal Stephen, to seek the permission of the imperial court to conduct an election. After a five-day wait during which he was not received in audience, the Cardinal returned to Italy, without having received the ''congé d'élire''.<ref>Gregorovius, p. 129, derived from Peter Damiani,  "Disceptatio synodalis" {{cite book|title=Monumenta Germaniae historica: Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum saeculis XI. et XII. conscripti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSIKAAAAIAAJ|volume=I|year=1891|publisher=Hahn|location=Hannover|language=German, Latin|pages=87–88}}: ''Sed ut totam inauditae calamitatis nostrae percurramus historiam, Stephanus cardinalis presbiter apostolicae sedis, vir videlicet tantae gravitatis et honestatis nitore conspicuus, tantis denique, sicut non obscutum est, virtutum floribus insignitus, cum apostolicis litteris ad aulam regiam missus, ab aulicis amministratoribus non est admissus, sed per quinque fere dies ad beati Petri et apostolicae sedis iniuriam pro foribus mansit exclusus. Quod ille, utpote vir gravis et patiens, aequanimiter tulit, legati tamen officium, quo fungebatur, implere non potuit.''</ref> The cardinal-bishops then proceeded to an [[1061 papal election|election]], having forced their way into the city of Rome with the aid of Prince [[Richard I of Capua]] and his Norman troops. On 1 October 1061, they chose Bishop Anselmo de Baggio of Lucca, one of the leaders of the reform party, who took the name Pope Alexander II.<ref name=Loughlin/>

Unlike previous papal elections, the assent of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] to the election was not sought.{{disputed inline|date=May 2021}}<ref name="l17">Levillain, Philippe. 2002. ''The Papacy: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-92228-3}}.</ref> [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)#Cardinal bishops|Cardinal-bishops]] were the sole electors of the pope for the first time in the history of the Church, in accordance with Nicholas II's [[papal bull|bull]], {{lang|la|[[In Nomine Domini]]}}.<ref name="miranda">Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "[https://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xi.htm Papal elections of the 11th Century (1061–1099)]." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107101302/http://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xi.htm |date=7 January 2019 }}</ref> The bull effectively removed the control held by the Roman metropolitan church over the election of the pontiff, unilaterally abrogating the rights of the emperor, the nobles of Rome, the clergy, and the people of Rome.

The new Pope Alexander II was [[papal coronation|crowned]] at nightfall on 1 October 1061 in the Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli, because opposition to the election on the part of the Romans and German sympathizers made a coronation in [[St. Peter's Basilica]] impossible.<ref name="l17"/> The German court nominated another candidate, Cadalus, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Parma|bishop of Parma]], who was proclaimed Pope at a council held at [[Basel]] under the name of [[Antipope Honorius II|Honorius II]]. He marched to Rome and for a long time threatened his rival's position.

At length, after a palace coup which replaced [[Agnes of Poitou|Empress Agnes]] as regent with Archbishop [[Anno II]] of Cologne, Honorius was forsaken by the German court. He was deposed by a council held at [[Mantua]] on 31 May-1 June 1064.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Karl Joseph von Hefele |title=Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgcaAQAAIAAJ |volume=Tome IV: 870–1085 |year=1871 |publisher=A. Le Clère |location=Paris |language=French |page=427}}</ref> Honorius continued to  challenge Alexander II's position until he died in 1072. The next sixty years exhibited one schism after another.<ref>Wibert-Clement III (1080—1100); Theoderic (1100); Albertus (1102); Maginulf-Sylvester IV (1105—1111); Burdinus-Gregory VIII (1118—1121); Anacletus II (1130—1138); Gregory-Victor IV (1138). Jaffé, p. xxxi.</ref>