Editing Politics of Zambia (section)

== Political history ==

The major figure in Zambian politics from 1964 to 1991 was [[Kenneth Kaunda]], who led the fight for independence and successfully bridged the rivalries among the country's various regions and ethnic groups. Kaunda tried to base government on his philosophy of "[[humanism]]", which condemned human [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] and stressed [[cooperation]] among people, but not at the expense of the individual. During Kaunda's presidency, members of all ethnic groups were represented by ministers in the government, in relation to their demographic size.<ref name=epr>{{cite web |author=GROWup - Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |publisher=ETH Zurich |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref>

Zambia conducted three democratic elections (1962, 1964, and 1968) after achieving independence.<ref name=":0" /> The elections were marred by violence and irregularities, but all parties respected the election results.<ref name=":0" />

Before 1972, Zambia had three significant political parties: the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the African National Congress (ANC), and the United Progressive Party (UPP). The ANC drew its strength from the western and southern provinces, while the UPP found some support among Bemba speakers in the Copperbelt and northern provinces. Although not strongly supported in all areas of the country, only UNIP had a nationwide following.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (02/07) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/80169.htm |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>

===One-party state===
In February 1972, Zambia became a [[one-party state]], and all other political parties were banned. Kenneth Kaunda, the sole candidate, was elected president in the 1973 elections. Elections also were held for the National Assembly. Only UNIP members were permitted to run, but these seats were sharply contested. President Kaunda's mandate was renewed in December 1978 and October 1983 in a "yes" or "no" vote on his candidacy. In the 1983 election, more than 60% of those registered participated and gave President Kaunda a 95.38% "yes" vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Zambia |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=africanelections.tripod.com}}</ref>

===1991: Move to a multiparty state===
Growing opposition to UNIP's monopoly on power led to the rise in 1990 of the [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy]] (MMD). The MMD assembled an increasingly impressive group of important Zambians, including prominent UNIP defectors and labour leaders. During the year, President Kaunda agreed to a referendum on the one-party state but, in the face of continued opposition, dropped the referendum and signed a [[constitutional amendment]] making Zambia a multi-party state. Zambia's first multi-party elections for parliament and the presidency since the 1960s were held on 31 October 1991. MMD candidate [[Frederick Chiluba]] resoundingly carried the presidential election over Kenneth Kaunda with 76% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/zambia-1991-presidential-election-national-results |title=Zambia: 1991 Presidential election national results &#124; EISA |access-date=2014-07-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210407/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/zambia-1991-presidential-election-national-results |archive-date=2014-07-14 }}</ref> To add to the MMD landslide, in the [[parliamentary election]]s the MMD won 125 of the 150 elected seats and UNIP the remaining 25. However, UNIP swept the Eastern Province, gathering 19 of its seats there.

===1991–2001: MMD and Frederick Chiluba===
By the end of Chiluba's first term as president (1996), the MMD's commitment to political reform had faded in the face of re-election demands. A number of prominent supporters founded opposing parties. Relying on the MMD's overwhelming majority in parliament, President Chiluba in May 1996 pushed through constitutional amendments that eliminated former President Kaunda and other prominent opposition leaders from the [[Zambian presidential election, 1996|1996 presidential elections]].

In the presidential and parliamentary elections held in November 1996, Chiluba was re-elected, and the MMD won 131 of the 150 seats in the National Assembly. Kaunda's UNIP party [[boycott]]ed the parliamentary polls to protest the exclusion of its leader from the presidential race, alleging in addition that the outcome of the election had been predetermined due to a faulty voter registration exercise. Despite the UNIP boycott, the elections took place peacefully, and five presidential and more than 600 parliamentary candidates from 11 parties participated. Afterward, however, several opposition parties and [[non-governmental organisation]]s declared the elections neither free nor fair. As President Chiluba began his second term in 1997, the opposition continued to reject the results of the election amid international efforts to encourage the MMD and the opposition to resolve their differences through dialogue.

Early in 2001, supporters of President Chiluba mounted a campaign to amend the constitution to enable Chiluba to seek a third term of office. Civil society, opposition parties, and many members of the ruling party complimented widespread popular opposition to exert sufficient pressure on Chiluba to force him to back away from any attempt at a third term.

Presidential, parliamentary, and local government elections were held on 27 December 2001. Eleven parties contested the elections. The elections encountered numerous administrative problems. Opposition parties alleged that serious irregularities occurred. Nevertheless, MMD presidential candidate [[Levy Mwanawasa]] was declared the victor by a narrow margin, and he was sworn into office on 2 January 2002. Three parties submitted petitions to the High Court, challenging the presidential election results. The courts decided that there had been irregularities but that they were not serious enough to have affected the overall result, thus the election result was upheld. Opposition parties won a majority of parliamentary seats in the December, 2001 election, but subsequent by-elections gave the ruling MMD a slim majority in Parliament.

===2001–2008===
In the [[Zambian presidential election, 2006|2006 presidential election]] was hotly contested, with Mwanawasa being re-elected by a clear margin over principal challengers [[Michael Sata]] of the [[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]] and [[Hakainde Hichilema]] of the [[United Party for National Development]] (UPND).

The parliamentary election that same year awarded MMD with 72 seats, the remaining 84 seats split among other parties with the majority of those seats going to the Patriotic Front.

The presidency of Levy Mwanawasa until his death in office in mid-2008, was different from the flamboyant expenditure and increasingly apparent corruption of the later years of Frederick Chiluba's terms in office. Indeed, the former president was arrested and charged with several counts of [[embezzlement]] and [[Political corruption|corruption]], firmly quashing initial fears that President Mwanawasa would [[turn a blind eye]] to the allegations of his predecessor's improprieties.

Mwanawasa was accused by some observers of demonstrating an authoritarian streak in early 2004 when his Minister of Home Affairs issued a deportation order to a British citizen and long-time Zambian resident Roy Clarke, who had published a series of satirical attacks on the president in the independent Post newspaper. However, when Clarke appealed to the High Court against the order, the judge ruled that the order was arbitrary and unjustified and quashed the order. President Mwanawasa, true to his mantra of heading a government of laws, respected the court decision and Clarke was allowed to resume his column of satirical critique. Mwanawasa's early zeal to root out corruption also waned somewhat, with key witnesses in the Chiluba trial leaving the country. The Constitutional Review Commission set up by Mwanawasa also hit some turbulence, with arguments as to where its findings should be submitted leading to suspicions that he has been trying to manipulate the outcome. Generally, the Zambian electorate viewed Mwanawasa's rule as a great improvement over Chiluba's.

Following Mwanawasa's death in August 2008, Zambian vice-president [[Rupiah Banda]] succeeded him to the office of president, to be held as a temporary position until the emergency election on 30 October 2008. Banda won by a narrow margin over opposition leader Michael Sata, to complete the remainder of Mwanawasa's term.

===2011 elections===
[[Rupiah Banda]] failed to be re-elected in the 2011 Presidential and Parliamentary elections, losing to [[Michael Sata]] of the [[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]. This brought an end to a total of 20 years' rule by three presidents from the [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy|MMD]].

===2015–present===
[[Edgar Lungu|Edgar Chagwa Lungu]] was sworn in as president of Zambia on 25 January 2015, succeeding acting-president [[Guy Scott]] who briefly held the office after the passing of Michael Chiluyfa Sata. Lungu's presidency has thus far been criticised for failing to halt the depreciating [[Zambian Kwacha|Kwacha]]. There have also been unsubstantiated reports of Lungu's alleged alcoholism, stemming from a reported physical collapse early in his presidency.<ref name="BBC Lungu">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31795526|title=Edgar Lungu collapse: Zambian president 'needs treatment abroad'|date=2015-03-09|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=2020-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828145910/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31795526|archive-date=2017-08-28|url-status=live}}</ref> The economic challenges facing Zambia, in particular the depreciating Kwacha, have been attributed to the global fall of commodity prices. Zambia derives over 90% of its export earnings from a single commodity, copper, which has lost about 45% of its value on the international commodity market.

On 5 January 2016, Lungu successfully concluded long-standing constitutional issues when he assented to the 2015 Constitutional Amendment Bill. This bill is the result of extensive work begun during the Mwanawasa era (The Mwanakatwe Commission) and continued by the Michael Chilufya Sata appointed Technical Committee. As justice minister, Lungu had previously presented the draft constitution to parliament, where it was subsequently decided that non-contentious issues will be debated in parliament and contentious issues will be subject to a referendum. In the August [[2016 Zambian general election]], President Edgar Lungu won re-election narrowly in the first round of the election. The opposition had allegations of fraud and the governing Patriotic Front (PF) rejected the allegations made by opposition UPND party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title = Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work = BBC News|date = 15 August 2016}}</ref> However, in 2020 the Parliament through the office of the justice minister (Given Lubinda) proposed a bill called Bill 10, which was rejected in Parliament on its third reading.

In the [[2021 Zambian general election|2021 general elections]], characterised by a 70% voter turnout, [[Hakainde Hichilema]] won 59% of the vote, with his closest rival, incumbent president Edgar Chagwa Lungu, receiving 39% of the vote.<ref name="zm-elec-39">{{Cite news|url=https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/|title=Presidential Election Results|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=16 August 2021|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194510/https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 August Edgar Lungu conceded in a TV statement, sending a letter and congratulating president-elect Hakainde Hichilema.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |last=Kabwe |first=Zitto |author-link=Zitto Kabwe |user=zittokabwe |number=1426967254986629126 |date=15 August 2021 |title=#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians |language=en |access-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 August 2021, Hakainde Hichilema was sworn in as the new President of Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html|title = Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader| date=24 August 2021 }}</ref>