Editing Politician (section)

==Media and rhetoric==
[[File:U.S. President Obama Speaks at Intel's Fab 42.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama, Public Speech, Technology and Innovation, Manufacturing, Intel Fab 42.Political leaders use public events to frame issues and influence public opinion by crafting appropriate rhetoric.]]
Politicians are influential people who use [[rhetoric]] to impact people as in speeches or campaign advertisements. They are especially known for using common themes, and media platforms that allow them to develop their political positions, developing [[communication]] between them and the people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Archer |first1=Alfred |last2=Cawston |first2=Amanda |title=Celebrity Politics and Democratic Elitism |journal=Topoi |date=February 2022 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1007/s11245-021-09763-0 |pmid=34658468 |pmc=8503715 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1057/9780230319899 |title=Politicians and Rhetoric |date=2011 |last1=Charteris-Black |first1=Jonathan |isbn=978-0-230-25165-6 }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knupffer |first=N |date=2012 |title=President Barack Obama delivering a speech at Intel's Fab 42 in Chandler, Arizona on January 25, 2012, as part of his public address on the future of advanced manufacturing in the U.S. |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/intelphotos/6763271149/ |publisher=Flickr}}</ref>
[[File:Kennedy Nixon Debate (1960).jpg|thumb|Photo of the second of the four presidential debates held during the 1960 presidential election. This debate took place in Washington D.C. at NBC's [[WRC-TV]] studios on October 7, 1960.]]
Politicians of necessity become expert users of the [[Media (communication)|media]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Landtsheer |first1=Christ'l De |last2=Feldman |first2=Ofer |title=Beyond Public Speech and Symbols: Explorations in the Rhetoric of Politicians and the Media |date=2000 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-275-96732-1 }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> Politicians in the 19th century made heavy use of [[newspaper]]s, magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters to disseminate their messages to appeal to voters' emotions and beliefs in their campaigns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. National Archives |date=2022 |title=American elections and campaigns – 1800 to 1865: Politics in the antebellum press |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/education-blog/american-elections-and-campaigns-1800-1865-politics-antebellum-press |website=The Reagan Library Education Blog |publisher=U.S. National Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dinkin |first1=Robert J. |title=Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices |date=1989 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-26167-1 }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> In the 20th century, the scope of media expanded out into radio and television, and a major change occurred as speech was now presented visually as well as verbally as evidenced by the [[1960 United States presidential debates|Kennedy-Nixon debates]], marking a new era where visual media became crucial to campaigns.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silvestri |first1=Vito N. |title=Television's Interface With Kennedy, Nixon, and Trump: Two Politicians and One TV Celebrity |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |date=June 2019 |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=971–1001 |doi=10.1177/0002764218784992 }}</ref> The twenty-first century has provided wide and diverse media platforms represented by Facebook, and Twitter, which has now become X, Instagram, YouTube, and others. This development has made their rhetorical messages faster, shorter more efficient, and characterized by the speed of spread and interaction.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pearlman |first1=Nathaniel G. |title=Margin of Victory: How Technologists Help Politicians Win Elections |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-0258-4 }}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Jue Jun |last2=Firdaus |first2=Amira |last3=Aksar |first3=Iffat Ali |title=Social Media for Political Information: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication |date=31 March 2024 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=77–98 |doi=10.17576/JKMJC-2024-4001-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fatema |first1=S. |last2=Yanbin |first2=L |last3=Fugui |first3=D |date=2022 |title="Social media influence on politicians' and citizens' relationship through the moderating effect of political slogans." |journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fcomm.2022.955493 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Politicians, who rarely meet voters in person, seek to use the media as a means of communicating with people, winning votes, and obtaining political roles. Some research confirms that the media increases the popularity of a politician, and indicates that negative news has a stronger effect on popularity than positive news.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Van Remoortere |first1=A. |last2=Vliegenthart |first2=R. |date=2024 |title="The influence of mass media on the popularity of politicians" |journal=Party Politics|volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=781–794 |doi=10.1177/13540688231187964 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Some research has suggested that politicians tend to use social media more than [[traditional media]] because their perception of the traditional media's influence as a public informant greatly affects their satisfaction with democratic processes. So they prefer to use social media and communicate directly with people in order to have greater control over their message and easier communication.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc=10409637 |date=2023 |last1=Maurer |first1=P. |title=Perceptions of media influence and performance among politicians in European democracies |journal=International Communication Gazette |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=347–364 |doi=10.1177/17480485221146088 |pmid=37564296 }}</ref>

This continuous evolution in media has made politicians adapt their discourse to these diverse and evolving platforms for greater communication and effectiveness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munardin Hadma |first1=Ahmad |last2=Dwi Anggoro |first2=Juliardi |title=Political communication in the age of social media |journal=Commicast |date=23 November 2021 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.12928/commicast.v3i1.5114 |doi-access=free }}</ref>