Editing Poales (section)

==Taxonomy==
The [[APG III system]] (2009) accepts the order within a [[monocot]] clade called [[commelinids]], and accepts the following 16 families:<ref name=APGIII2009/>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Anarthriaceae]]
*[[Bromeliaceae]] (Bromeliads)
*[[Cyperaceae]] (Sedges)
*[[Ecdeiocoleaceae]]
*[[Eriocaulaceae]]
*[[Flagellariaceae]]
*[[Joinvilleaceae]]
*[[Juncaceae]] (Rushes)
*[[Mayacaceae]]
*[[Poaceae]] (Grasses, Bamboo, Reeds)
*[[Rapateaceae]]
*[[Restionaceae]] (including [[Centrolepidaceae]])
*[[Thurniaceae]]
*[[Typhaceae]] (Cattails)
*[[Xyridaceae]]
}}

The earlier [[APG system]] (1998) adopted the same placement of the order, although it used the spelling "commelinoids". It did not include the Bromeliaceae and Mayaceae, but had the additional families [[Prioniaceae]] (now included in Thurniaceae), [[Sparganiaceae]] (now in Typhaceae), and [[Hydatellaceae]] (now transferred out of the monocots; recently discovered to be an 'early-diverging' lineage of flowering plants).

The morphology-based [[Cronquist system]] did not include an order named Poales, assigning these families to the orders [[Bromeliales]], [[Cyperales]], [[Hydatellales]], [[Juncales]], [[Restionales]] and [[Typhales]].

In early [[list of systems of plant taxonomy|systems]], an order including the grass family did not go by the name Poales but by a [[descriptive botanical name]] such as [[Graminales]] in the [[Engler system]] (update of 1964) and in the [[Hutchinson system]] (first edition, first volume, 1926), [[Glumiflorae]] in the [[Wettstein system]] (last revised 1935) or [[Glumaceae]] in the [[Bentham & Hooker system]] (third volume, 1883).

===Evolution and phylogeny===
The earliest fossils attributed to the Poales date to the late [[Cretaceous]] period about {{period start|Paleogene}} million years ago, though some studies (e.g., Bremer, 2002) suggest the origin of the group may extend to nearly 115 million years ago, likely in [[South America]]. The earliest known fossils include [[pollen]] and fruits.

The phylogenetic position of Poales within the commelinids was difficult to resolve, but an analysis using complete [[chloroplast DNA]] found support for Poales as sister group of [[Commelinales]] plus [[Zingiberales]].<ref name="BarrettBaker2015">{{cite journal|last1=Barrett|first1=Craig F.|last2=Baker|first2=William J.|last3=Comer|first3=Jason R.|last4=Conran|first4=John G.|last5=Lahmeyer|first5=Sean C.|last6=Leebens-Mack|first6=James H.|last7=Li|first7=Jeff|last8=Lim|first8=Gwynne S.|last9=Mayfield-Jones|first9=Dustin R.|last10=Perez|first10=Leticia|last11=Medina|first11=Jesus|last12=Pires|first12=J. Chris|last13=Santos|first13=Cristian|last14=Wm. Stevenson|first14=Dennis|last15=Zomlefer|first15=Wendy B.|last16=Davis|first16=Jerrold I.|title=Plastid genomes reveal support for deep phylogenetic relationships and extensive rate variation among palms and other commelinid monocots|journal=New Phytologist|year=2015|pages=855–870|issn=0028-646X|doi=10.1111/nph.13617|volume=209|issue=2|pmid=26350789|doi-access=free}}</ref> Major lineages within the Poales have been referred to as [[Bromeliad clade|bromeliad]], [[Cyperid clade|cyperid]], [[Xyrid clade|xyrid]], [[Graminid clade|graminid]], and [[restiid clade]]s. A phylogenetic analysis resolved most relationships within the order but found weak support for the monophyly of the cyperid clade.<ref name="Bouchenak-KhelladiMuasya2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bouchenak-Khelladi|first1=Yanis|last2=Muasya|first2=A. Muthama|last3=Linder|first3=H. Peter|title=A revised evolutionary history of Poales: origins and diversification|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=175|issue=1|year=2014|pages=4–16|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/boj.12160|doi-access=free}} {{open access}}</ref> The relationship between Centrolepidaceae and Restoniaceae within the restiid clade remains unclear; the first may actually be embedded in the latter.<ref name="Bouchenak-KhelladiMuasya2014"/><ref name="BriggsMarchant2014">{{cite journal|last1=Briggs|first1=Barbara G.|last2=Marchant|first2=Adam D.|last3=Perkins|first3=Andrew J.|title=Phylogeny of the restiid clade (Poales) and implications for the classification of Anarthriaceae, Centrolepidaceae and Australian Restionaceae|journal=Taxon|volume=63|issue=1|year=2014|pages=24–46|issn=0040-0262|doi=10.12705/631.1}}</ref>

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:75%;width:600px;
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Commelinales]]
   |2=[[Zingiberales]]
   }}
|label2='''Poales'''
|2={{clade
  |label1=[[Bromeliad clade]]
  |1={{clade
     |1=[[Bromeliaceae]]
     |2=[[Typhaceae]]
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
       |label1=[[Cyperid clade]]
       |1={{clade
          |1={{clade
             |1=[[Mayacaceae]]
             |2=[[Rapateaceae]]
             }}
          |2={{clade
             |1=[[Thurniaceae]]
             |2={{clade
                |1=[[Cyperaceae]]
                |2=[[Juncaceae]]
                }}
             }}
          }}
       |2={{clade
          |label1=[[Xyrid clade]]
          |1={{clade
             |1=[[Eriocaulaceae]]
             |2=[[Xyridaceae]]
             }}
          |2={{clade
             |label1=[[Graminid clade]]
             |1={{clade
                |1=[[Flagellariaceae]]
                |2={{clade
                   |1=[[Poaceae]]
                   |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Ecdeiocoleaceae]]
                      |2=[[Joinvilleaceae]]
                      }}
                   }}
                }}
             |label2=[[Restiid clade]]
             |2={{clade
                |1=[[Anarthriaceae]]
                |2={{clade
                   |1=[[Centrolepidaceae]]|state1=dashed
                   |2=[[Restionaceae]]|state2=dashed
                   }}
                }}
             }}
          }}
       }}
     }}
  }}
}}

===Diversity===
The four most species-rich families in the order are:<ref>{{Citation |last1=Elliott |first1=Tammy L. |title=Global analysis of Poales diversification – parallel evolution in space and time into open and closed habitats |date=2023-09-16 |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/81470/1/Elliott%202023%20Global%20analysis%20of%20Poales%20diversification.pdf |access-date=2024-11-08 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2023.09.14.557735 |last2=Spalink |first2=Daniel |last3=Larridon |first3=Isabel |last4=Zuntini |first4=Alexandre Rizzo |last5=Escudero |first5=Marcial |last6=Hackel |first6=Jan |last7=Barrett |first7=Russell L. |last8=Martín-Bravo |first8=Santiago |last9=Márquez-Corro |first9=José Ignacio}}</ref>
* Poaceae: 12,070 species
* Cyperaceae: 5,500 species
* Bromeliaceae: 3,170 species
* Eriocaulaceae: 1,150 species
<gallery mode=packed caption="Diversity of Poales">
File:Typha_latifolia_Finland.jpg|alt=Typha inflorescence|''[[Typha latifolia]]'', Typhaceae
File:Carex demissa detail.jpeg|alt=Carex demissa inflorescence|''[[Carex demissa]]'', Cyperaceae
File:N Xyrc D9741.JPG|alt=Xyris deplanata flower|''[[Xyris complanata]]'', Xyridaceae
File:Elegia capensis CHCH 2.JPG|alt=Elegia capensis stand|''[[Elegia capensis]]'', Restionaceae
File:Japanese_Foxtail_millet_02.jpg|alt=Unripe millet panicles|[[Foxtail millet]], Poaceae
</gallery>