Editing Plastic surgery (section)

==History==
{{See also|History of surgery}}
[[File:Edwin Smith Papyrus v2.jpg|thumb|Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith Papyrus at the Rare Book Room, [[New York Academy of Medicine]]<ref>"Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art". The New York Academy of Medicine. 27 July 2005. {{cite web |url=http://www.nyam.org/news/2493.html |title=The New York Academy of Medicine: News & Publications: Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=2008-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127161922/http://www.nyam.org/news/2493.html |archive-date=27 November 2010  }}. Retrieved 2008-08-12.</ref>]]
Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the {{circa|1600 BC}} Egyptian medical text called the [[Edwin Smith papyrus]].<ref name=cossurg>{{cite book| vauthors = Shiffman M |title=Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-21837-8|page=20|date=2012-09-05}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|first=Oscar|last=Holland|title=From ancient Egypt to Beverly Hills: A brief history of plastic surgery|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/plastic-cosmetic-surgery-history-scn/index.html|access-date=2021-10-03|website=[[CNN]] |date=30 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The early trauma [[surgery]] textbook was named after the American [[Egyptologist]], Edwin Smith.<ref name=":1" /> Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in [[India]] by 800 BC.<ref name=EP>MSN Encarta (2008). [http://www.encarta.es/encyclopedia_761577922/Plastic_Surgery.html ''Plastic Surgery''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922005722/http://www.encarta.es/encyclopedia_761577922/Plastic_Surgery.html |date=22 September 2008 }}.</ref> [[Sushruta]] was a [[physician]] who made contributions to the field of plastic and [[cataract]] surgery in the 6th century BC.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi>Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). [http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf ''History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |date=10 October 2008 }}. [[National Informatics Centre|National Informatics Centre (Government of India)]].</ref>

[[File:Aulus Cornelius Celsus.jpg|thumb|170px|left|The Roman scholar [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] recorded surgical techniques, including plastic surgery, in the 1st century AD.]]
The [[Ancient Romans|Romans]] also performed plastic cosmetic [[Surgery in Ancient Rome|surgery]], using simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears, from around the 1st century BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-05-04 |title=Forgotten Pioneers of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery During the Medieval Period |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/SCS.0000000000009176 |journal=Journal of Craniofacial Surgery |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=1144–1146 |doi=10.1097/SCS.0000000000009176 |issn=1049-2275 |last1=Atiyeh |first1=Bishara |last2=Habal |first2=Mutaz B. |pmid=36727967 }}</ref> For religious reasons, they did not [[Dissection|dissect]] either human beings or animals, thus, their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] predecessors. Notwithstanding, [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] left some accurate [[anatomical]] descriptions,<ref>Wolfgang H. Vogel, Andreas Berke (2009). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=t_5pzrF1QocC&pg=PA97 Brief History of Vision and Ocular Medicine]''". Kugler Publications. p.97. {{ISBN|90-6299-220-X}}</ref> some of which—for instance, his studies on the [[genitalia]] and the [[skeleton]]—are of special interest to plastic surgery.<ref>P. Santoni-Rugiu, ''A History of Plastic Surgery'' (2007){{page needed|date=September 2018}}</ref>

[[Arabic language|Arabs]] practiced the plastic surgery, during the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] Caliphate in 750 AD.<ref name="locka">Lock, Stephen etc. (200ĞďéĠĊ1). ''The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine''. US: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-262950-6}}. ''(page 607)''</ref> The Arabic translations made their way into [[Europe]] via intermediaries.<ref name="locka" /> In [[Italy]], the Branca family<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maniglia AJ | title = Reconstructive rhinoplasty | journal = The Laryngoscope | volume = 99 | issue = 8 Pt 1 | pages = 865–7 | date = August 1989 | pmid = 2666806 | doi = 10.1288/00005537-198908000-00017 | s2cid = 5730172 }}</ref> of [[Sicily]] and [[Gaspare Tagliacozzi]] ([[Bologna]]) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.<ref name=locka/>
[[File:Indian method of nose reconstruction, illustrated in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1794.png|thumb|Illustration of an 18th-century nose reconstruction method from Poona performed by an Indian potter, from ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', 1794]]

In all fields of surgery, the [[Arab]] physician, surgeon, and chemist [[Al-Zahrawi]] talks of the use of silk thread sutures to achieve good [[cosmesis]]. He describes what is thought to be the first attempt at [[reduction mammaplasty]] for the management of [[gynaecomastia]]. He gives detailed descriptions of other basic surgical techniques such as [[cautery]] and wound management.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x | doi=10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x | title=Sh08Al-Zahrawi – the Father of Surgery | date=2007 | last1=Ahmad | first1=Z. | journal=ANZ Journal of Surgery | volume=77 | s2cid=57308997 }}</ref>{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}

[[England|British]] physicians travelled to India to see [[rhinoplasty|rhinoplasties]] being performed by Indian methods.<ref name=Lock651>Lock, Stephen etc. (2001). ''The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine''. US: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-262950-6}}. ''(page 651)''</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Nayana Sharma |last2=Majudar |first2=Susmita Basu |last3=Majumdar |first3=Susmita Basu |date=2011 |title=A Nose Lost and Honour Regained: The Indian Method of Rhinoplasty Revisited |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44146788 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=72 |pages=968–977 |jstor=44146788 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a [[Kumhar]] (potter) [[vaidya]] were published in the ''[[Gentleman's Magazine]]'' by 1794.<ref name=Lock651/> [[Joseph Constantine Carpue]] spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods.<ref name=Lock651/> Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the [[Western world]] in the year 1815.<ref name=Lock652>Lock, Stephen etc. (2001). ''The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine''. US: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-262950-6}}. ''(page 652)''</ref> Instruments described in the ''Sushruta Samhita'' were further modified in the Western world.<ref name=Lock652/>

In 1465, Sabuncu's book, description, and classification of [[hypospadias]] were more informative and up to date. Localization of the [[urethral meatus]] was described in detail. [[Sabuncuoğlu Şerafeddin|Sabuncuoglu]] also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia. In mid-15th-century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not [[history of surgery|until the 19th and 20th centuries]] that such surgery became common.

In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed an operative procedure on a [[British Armed Forces|British military]] officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] treatments. In 1818, German surgeon [[Carl Ferdinand von Graefe]] published his major work entitled ''[[Rhinoplasty|Rhinoplastik]]''. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.

The first American plastic surgeon was [[John Peter Mettauer]], who, in 1827, performed the first [[cleft lip and palate|cleft palate]] operation with instruments that he designed himself.

[[File:Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach.jpg|thumb|170px|left|[[Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach]] established many modern techniques of [[reconstructive surgery]].]]
[[Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach]] specialized in [[skin transplantation]] and early plastic surgery. His work in [[rhinoplasty|rhinoplastic]] and [[maxillofacial]] surgery established many modern techniques of [[reconstructive surgery]]. In 1845, Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, titled ''Operative Chirurgie'', and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. Dieffenbach has been called the "father of plastic surgery".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://prezi.com/-sixyzg8uyhf/plastic-surgery/ | title=Plastic Surgery }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medway.am/news/Here%E2%80%99s-Everything-You-Need-to-Know-about-hair-transplant|title=MedWay|website=MedWay}}</ref>

Another case of plastic surgery for nose reconstruction from 1884 at [[Bellevue Hospital]] was described in ''[[Scientific American]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4M9AQAAIAAJ|title=Scientific American|date=1884-06-07|publisher=Munn & Company|page=354|language=en}}</ref>

In 1891, American [[Otorhinolaryngology|otorhinolaryngologist]] John Roe presented an example of his work: a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, [[James Israel]], a [[Urology|urological]] surgeon from Germany, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|heterogeneous]] free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopaedic]]-trained [[surgeon]], published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1910, [[Alexander Ostroumov]], the Russian [[pharmacist]], and perfume and cosmetics manufacturer, founded a unique plastic surgery department in his Moscow Institute of Medical Cosmetics.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Stochik | first = A. A | title = Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health, The first large-scale productions of parfumes and cosmetics in Russia and the establishment of The Institute of Medical Cosmetics by pharmacist A. M. Ostroumov, Part I | journal = №1 (2020) | publisher = The National Research Institute of Public Health, Moskow | year = 2020 | issue = 1 | pages = 76–79 | doi = 10.25742/NRIPH.2020.01.0013 | url = http://bulleten-nriph.ru/journal/article/view/1468}}</ref> In 1928, Jacques Joseph published {{Lang|de|Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik}}.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhattacharya S | title = Jacques Joseph: Father of modern aesthetic surgery | journal = Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery | volume = 41 | issue = Suppl | pages = S3–S8 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 20174541 | pmc = 2825133 }}</ref>