Editing Planetarium (section)

===Early===
[[File:Archimedes' planetarium.jpg|thumb|A reconstruction of [[Archimedes]]' planetarium at the [[Museum of Ancient Greek Technology|Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology]], in [[Athens]], [[Greece]].]]
The [[Hellenistic period|ancient Greek]] [[polymath]] [[Archimedes]] is attributed with creating a primitive planetarium device that could predict the movements of the [[Sun]] and the [[Moon]] and the planets.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marchant |first=Jo |date=2015-10-01 |title=Archimedes’ legendary sphere brought to life |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2015.18431 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=526 |issue=7571 |pages=19–19 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18431 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vullo |first=Vincenzo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g67QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |title=Gears Volume 3: A Concise History |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-40163-4 |volume=III |location=Cham |pages=42}}</ref> The discovery of the [[Antikythera mechanism]] proved that such devices already existed during [[Ancient history|antiquity]], though likely after Archimedes' lifetime. [[Campanus of Novara]] described a planetary [[equatorium]] in his ''Theorica Planetarum'', and included instructions on how to build one. The [[Globe of Gottorf]] built around 1650 had constellations painted on the inside.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marche |first=Jordan |title=Theaters of Time and Space: American Planetaria, 1930-1970 |date=2005 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=Rutgers |page=10 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780813537665?auth=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212323/http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780813537665?auth=0 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |isbn=9780813537665 |access-date=2014-02-24}}</ref> These devices would today usually be referred to as [[Orrery|orreries]] (named for the [[Earl of Orrery]]). In fact, many planetariums today have projection orreries, which project onto the dome the [[Solar System]] (including the [[Sun]] and planets up to [[Saturn]]) in their regular [[orbit]]al paths.

In 1229, following the conclusion of the [[Fifth Crusade]], [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick II of Hohenstaufen]] brought back a tent with scattered holes representing [[star]]s or [[planet]]s. The device was operated internally with a spinnable table that rotated the tent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Planetariums |url=https://commons.bcit.ca/planetarium/history-of-planetariums/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=commons.bcit.ca}}</ref>

The small size of typical 18th century orreries limited their impact, and towards the end of that century a number of educators attempted to create a larger sized version. The efforts of [[Adam Walker (inventor)|Adam Walker]] (1730–1821) and his sons are noteworthy in their attempts to fuse theatrical illusions with education. Walker's [[Eidouranion]] was the heart of his public lectures or theatrical presentations. Walker's son describes this "Elaborate Machine" as "twenty feet high, and twenty-seven in diameter: it stands vertically before the spectators, and its globes are so large, that they are distinctly seen in the most distant parts of the Theatre. Every Planet and Satellite seems suspended in space, without any support; performing their annual and diurnal revolutions without any apparent cause". Other lecturers promoted their own devices: R E Lloyd advertised his Dioastrodoxon, or Grand Transparent Orrery, and by 1825 William Kitchener was offering his Ouranologia, which was {{convert|42|ft|m}} in diameter. These devices most probably sacrificed astronomical accuracy for crowd-pleasing spectacle and sensational and awe-provoking imagery.

The [[Eise Eisinga Planetarium|oldest still-working planetarium]] can be found in the [[Friesland|Frisian]] city of [[Franeker]]. It was built by [[Eise Eisinga]] (1744–1828) in the living room of his house. It took Eisinga seven years to build his planetarium, which was completed in 1781.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Eise Eisinga Planetarium |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5629/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>