Editing Pizza (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of pizza}}
[[File:Pizzaiolo-1830.jpg|thumb|An illustration from 1830 of a ''pizzaiolo'' in Naples]]

Records of pizza-like foods can be found throughout ancient history. In the 6th century BC, the [[Persian people|Persian]] soldiers of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] during the rule of [[Darius the Great]] baked flatbreads with cheese and [[Date (fruits)|dates]] on top of their battle shields<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barrett |first=Liz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPCuBAAAQBAJ |title=Pizza, A Slice of American History |publisher=Voyageur Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7603-4560-3 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=W. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCVPjK0mSfkC&pg=PA199 |title=The Science of Bakery Products |date=2007 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |isbn=978-0-85404-486-3 |page=199 |language=en}}</ref> and the [[ancient Greeks]] supplemented their bread with [[vegetable oil|oils]], [[herb]]s, and [[cheese]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Talati-Padiyar|first1=Dhwani|title=Travelled, Tasted, Tried & Tailored: Food Chronicles|isbn=978-1304961358|date=March 8, 2014|publisher=Lulu publishers }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Buonassisi, Rosario|title=Pizza: From its Italian Origins to the Modern Table|year=2000|publisher=Firefly|page=78}}</ref> An early reference to a pizza-like food occurs in the ''[[Aeneid]]'', when Celaeno, queen of the [[Harpies]], foretells that the Trojans would not find peace until they are forced by hunger to eat their tables (Book III). In Book VII, [[Aeneas]] and his men are served a meal that includes round cakes (such as pita bread) topped with cooked vegetables. When they eat the bread, they realize that these are the "tables" prophesied by Celaeno.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dcc.dickinson.edu/eimmart-aeneas-and-trojans-fulfill-anchises-prophecy|title=Aeneas and Trojans fulfill Anchises' prophecy.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051513/http://dcc.dickinson.edu/eimmart-aeneas-and-trojans-fulfill-anchises-prophecy|archive-date=March 29, 2017}}</ref> In 2023, archeologists discovered a fresco in [[Pompeii]] appearing to depict a pizza-like dish among other foodstuffs and staples on a silver platter. Italy's culture minister said it "may be a distant ancestor of the modern dish".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66031341|title=Pompeii archaeologists discover 'pizza' painting|work=BBC News |publisher=[[BBC]]|date=June 17, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pizza's possible 'distant ancestor' found painted in the ruins of Pompeii |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-28/pizza-distant-ancestor-painting-roman-house-pompeii/102533868 |access-date=June 28, 2023 |work=ABC News |date=June 27, 2023 |language=en-AU}}</ref> The first mention of the word ''pizza'' seemingly comes from a notarial document written in Latin and dating to 997{{nbsp}}CE from [[Gaeta]], demanding a payment of "twelve pizzas, a pork shoulder, and a pork kidney on Christmas Day, and 12 pizzas and a couple of chickens on Easter Day".<ref name="la-repubblica"/>

Modern pizza evolved from similar flatbread dishes in [[Naples]], Italy, in the 18th or early 19th century.<ref name=Helstosky21>{{cite book|last1=Helstosky|first1=Carol|title=Pizza: A Global History|date=2008|publisher=Reaktion|location=London|isbn=978-1-86189-391-8|pages=21–22}}</ref> Before that time, flatbread was often topped with ingredients such as garlic, salt, lard, and cheese. It is uncertain when tomatoes were first added and there are many conflicting claims,<ref name=Helstosky21 /> although it certainly could not have been before the 16th century and the [[Columbian Exchange]]. Pizza was sold from open-air stands and out of pizza bakeries until about 1830, when pizzerias in Naples started to have ''stanze'' with tables where clients could sit and eat their pizzas on the spot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Sanctis |first=Francesco |author-link=Francesco de Sanctis |title=La giovinezza di Francesco de Sanctis: frammento autobiografico |pages=39 |quote=In the evening we often used to go eating pizza in some rooms at the Piazza della Carità.}}</ref>

A popular legend holds that the archetypal pizza, [[pizza Margherita]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.lacucinaitaliana.com/recipe/pizza/margherita-pizza
|title=Margherita Pizza
|date=November 9, 2021
|publisher=La Cucina Italiana
|access-date=June 18, 2024}}</ref> was invented in 1889, when the [[Royal Palace of Capodimonte]] commissioned the Neapolitan ''[[wiktionary:pizzaiolo|pizzaiolo]]'' ({{gloss|pizza maker}}) [[Raffaele Esposito]] to create a pizza in honor of the visiting [[Queen Margherita]]. Of the three different pizzas he created, the queen strongly preferred a pizza swathed in the colors of the [[Italian flag]]—red (tomato), white (mozzarella), and green (basil). Supposedly, this type of pizza was then named after the queen,<ref>{{cite web | title = Pizza Margherita: History and Recipe | url = http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy-featured/recipes/pizza-margherita-history-and-recipe | work = Italy Magazine | date = March 14, 2011 | access-date = April 23, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130207192931/http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy-featured/recipes/pizza-margherita-history-and-recipe | archive-date = February 7, 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref> with an official letter of recognition from the queen's "head of service" remaining to this day on display in Esposito's shop, now called the Pizzeria Brandi.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hales |first1=Dianne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f9cU9A5l-0C |title=La Bella Lingua |date=May 12, 2009 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0767932110 |pages=204 |language=sv-US |access-date=August 29, 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref> Later research cast doubt on this legend, undermining the authenticity of the letter of recognition, pointing that no media of the period reported about the supposed visit and that both the story and name Margherita were first promoted in the 1930s–1940s.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 28, 2012 |title=Was margherita pizza really named after Italy's queen? |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/20515123 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231225517/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/20515123 |archive-date=December 31, 2012 |access-date=December 31, 2012 |work=BBC Food |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nowak |first=Zachary |date=March 2014 |title=Folklore, Fakelore, History: Invented Tradition and the Origins of the Pizza Margherita |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263340437 |journal=Food, Culture & Society |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=103–124 |doi=10.2752/175174414X13828682779249 |s2cid=142371201 |issn=1552-8014}}</ref>

Pizza was taken to the United States by [[Italian-American|Italian immigrants]] in the late 19th century<ref>{{cite book|last1=Helstosky|first1=Carol|title=Pizza: A Global History|date=2008|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-630-8|page=48}}</ref> and first appeared in areas where they concentrated. The country's first pizzeria, [[Lombardi's]], opened in New York City in 1905.<ref name=inside>{{cite book|last1=Nevius|first1= Michelle |last2= Nevius|first2= James|year=2009|title= Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City|location=New York|publisher= Free Press|isbn=978-1416589976| pages=194–95}}</ref> Italian Americans migrating from East to West brought the dish with them, and from there, the American version was exported to the rest of the world.<ref name=HTV>{{cite web|last1=Turim|first1=Gayle|title=A Slice of History: Pizza Through the Ages|url=http://www.history.com/news/hungry-history/a-slice-of-history-pizza-through-the-ages|website=[[History.com]]|access-date=November 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218222816/http://www.history.com/news/hungry-history/a-slice-of-history-pizza-through-the-ages|archive-date=December 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana ({{literally|True Neapolitan Pizza Association}}) is a [[non-profit organization]] founded in 1984 with headquarters in Naples that aims to promote traditional [[Neapolitan pizza]].<ref name="AVPN">{{cite web |title=Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana (AVPN) |url=http://www.pizzanapoletana.org/eng_chisiamo.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709015157/http://www.pizzanapoletana.org/eng_chisiamo.php |archive-date=July 9, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> In 2009, upon Italy's request, Neapolitan pizza was registered with the [[European Union]] as a [[traditional speciality guaranteed]] (TSG) dish,<ref>Official Journal of the European Union, [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:034:0007:0016:EN:PDF Commission regulation (EU) No 97/2010] {{Web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603155915/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:034:0007:0016:EN:PDF|date=June 3, 2013}}, February 5, 2010.</ref><ref>International Trademark Association, [http://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/EUROPEANUNIONPIZZANAPOLETANAObtainsTraditionalSpecialityGuaranteedStatus.aspx European Union: Pizza napoletana obtains "Traditional Speciality Guaranteed" status] {{Web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084957/http://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/EUROPEANUNIONPIZZANAPOLETANAObtainsTraditionalSpecialityGuaranteedStatus.aspx|date=August 19, 2014}}, April 1, 2010.</ref> and in 2017 the art of its making was included on [[UNESCO]]'s list of [[intangible cultural heritage]].<ref name=":0" />