Editing Pipe organ (section)

===Antiquity===
[[File:Dion654a ancient organ.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.6|[[Hydraulis]] from the 1st century BC, oldest organ found to date, [[Archaeological Museum of Dion|Museum of Dion]], Greece<ref name="Heritage">{{cite web|url=http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/Museums/Archaeological_and_Byzantine/Arx_Diou.html|title=The Museums of Macedonia:Archaeological Museum of Dion|publisher=Macedonian Heritage|access-date=28 August 2009|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418170400/http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/Museums/Archaeological_and_Byzantine/Arx_Diou.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
[[File:Mosaic of the Female Musicians.jpg|thumb|4th century AD "Mosaic of the Female Musicians" from a [[Byzantine]] villa in [[Maryamin, Hama|Maryamin]], Syria.<ref name = Ring>{{citation | last = Ring | first = Trudy | title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&q=mariamin+hama | year = 1994 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | volume = 4 | isbn = 1884964036 | access-date = 19 November 2020 | archive-date = 21 February 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230221143620/https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&q=mariamin+hama | url-status = live }}</ref>]]

The organ is one of the oldest instruments still used in European classical music that has commonly been credited as having derived from Greece. Its earliest predecessors were built in [[ancient Greece]] in the 3rd century BC. The word ''organ'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὄργανον}} ({{Transliteration|grc|órganon}}),<ref>Harper, Douglas (2001). [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=organum&searchmode=none Organ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207201913/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=organum&searchmode=none |date=7 December 2008 }}. ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]''. Retrieved on 10 February 2008.</ref> a generic term for an instrument or a tool,<ref>Liddell, Henry George & Scott, Robert (1940). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2374753 Organon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221143621/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2374753&redirect=true |date=21 February 2023 }}. ''A Greek-English Lexicon''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-864226-1}}. Perseus. Retrieved on 9 February 2008.</ref> via the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|[[organum (musical instrument)|organum]]}}, an instrument similar to a [[portative organ]] used in ancient Roman circus games.

The Greek engineer [[Ctesibius|Ctesibius of Alexandria]] is credited with inventing the organ in the 3rd century BC. He devised an instrument called the [[hydraulis]], which delivered a wind supply maintained through water pressure to a set of pipes.<ref name="hydraulis">Randel "Hydraulis", 385.</ref> The hydraulis was played in the arenas of the [[Roman Empire]]. The pumps and water regulators of the hydraulis were replaced by an inflated leather bag in the 2nd century AD,<ref name="hydraulis" /> and true [[bellows]] began to appear in the Eastern Roman Empire in the 6th or 7th century AD.<ref name="origin" /> Some 400 pieces of a hydraulis from the year 228 AD were revealed during the 1931 archaeological excavations in 
the former Roman town [[Aquincum]], province of [[Pannonia]] (present day [[Budapest]]), which was used as a music instrument by the Aquincum fire dormitory; a modern replica produces an enjoyable sound.

The 9th century [[Persian people|Persian]] geographer [[Ibn Khordadbeh|Ibn Khurradadhbih]] (d. 913), in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, cited the {{Transliteration|fa|urghun}} (organ) as one of the typical instruments of the [[Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]].<ref name=Kartomi124>{{citation
 |last=Kartomi
 |first=Margaret J.
 |title=On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments
 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]
 |year=1990
 |isbn=0-226-42548-7
 |page=124
}}</ref> It was often used in the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople|Hippodrome]] in the imperial capital of [[Constantinople]]. A Syrian visitor describes a pipe organ powered by two servants pumping "bellows like a blacksmith's" played while guests ate at the emperor's Christmas dinner in Constantinople in 911.<ref name="Dalby, Andrew 2010"/> The first Western European pipe organ with "great leaden pipes" was sent from Constantinople to the West by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Constantine V]] as a gift to [[Pepin the Short]] King of the [[Franks]] in 757.  Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] requested a similar organ for his chapel in [[Aachen]] in 812, beginning its establishment in Western European church music.<ref>Douglas Bush and Richard Kassel eds., "The Organ, an Encyclopedia." Routledge. 2006. p. 327. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDJaeFFUPoC&pg=PA327 Extract of page 327]</ref>