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===Indigenous peoples, European settlement and Quapaw Cession=== The area along the [[Arkansas River]] had been inhabited for thousands of years by [[indigenous peoples]] of various cultures. They used the river for transportation as did European settlers after them, and for fishing. By the time of encounter with Europeans, the historical [[Quapaw]] were the chief people in the area, having migrated from the [[Ohio River]] valley centuries before. {{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} Records dating back to 1801 show that “fifty miles up the Arkansas River on the Bonne Reserve lived Joseph Bonne, Michael Bonne and other taxpayers named Bonne.” Joseph Bonne was interpreter for the [[Federal government of the United States|United States government]] at the signing of the Quapaw Cession at [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], August 21, 1818.<ref>Arnold, Morris S. “Barthélémy Dit Charlot, a Colonial Arkansas Métis and Voyageur.” ''The Arkansas Historical Quarterly'', vol. 74, no. 1, Arkansas Historical Association, 2015, p. 12, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/24477497 JSTOR website] Retrieved December 4, 2021.</ref> Due to a great flood in 1819, Bonne and his wife, Mary Imbeau, moved five miles upstream from the Bonne Reserve to the place later named Pine Bluff. This was the first bluff above the mouth of the river and was covered by towering pine trees, the eastern boundary of the coastal plain of [[South Arkansas]].<ref name="nwa2019">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=September 20, 2019 |title=Bess Jenkins Club discusses theme: Pine Bluff the Past, Present and the Future |url=https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2019/sep/20/bess-jenkins-club-discusses-theme-pine-bluff-the/ |work=Northwest Arkansas Democrat-Gazette |location= |publisher=Northwest Arkansas Newspapers |access-date=April 3, 2025}}</ref>
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