Editing Pinales (section)

=== History ===

[[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Brown]] (1825){{efn|Read before the [[Linnean Society]] in 1825, published in 1826}}{{sfn|Brown|1826}} first discerned that there were two groups of seed plants, distinguished by the form of seed development, based on whether the [[ovules]] were exposed, receiving pollen directly, or enclosed, which do not.{{sfn|Tomlinson|2012}} Shortly afterwards, [[Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart|Brongniart]] (1828) coined the term ''[[Phanérogames]] gymnosperms''{{efn|''Phanerogam'', or seed plant, indicating visible sexual organs, and ''gymnosperm'' indicating exposed seeds}} to describe the former group.{{sfn|Brongniart|1828–1837}} The distinction was then formalized by [[John Lindley|Lindley]] (1830), dividing what he referred to as the subclass [[Dicotyledons]] into two [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]], Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.{{efn|''Angiosperm'' indicating enclosed seeds}} In the gymnosperms (or Gymnospermae) Lindley included two orders, the Cycadeae and the Coniferae.{{sfn|Lindley|1830}}{{sfn|De-Zhi et al|2004}} In his final work (1853) he described Gymnogens as a class with four orders;{{sfn|Lindley|1853}}
* Cycadeaceae (cycads)
* Pinaceae (conifers)
* Taxaceae (taxads)
* Gnetaceae

In contrast, [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1880) included only three orders in the class Gymnospermeae, by including taxads within Coniferae;{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1862–1883}}
* Gnetaceae
* Coniferae
* Cycadaceae

In the [[Engler system]] (1903) Gymnospermae is listed as a subdivision (''Unterabteilung'') and adopted more of a [[Lumpers and splitters|splitter]] approach, including extinct taxa, with the following six classes;{{sfn|Engler|1903}}
* [[Cycadales]]
* [[Bennettitales]]
* [[Cordaitales]]
* [[Ginkgoales]]
* Coniferae
* [[Gnetales]]

During this period, [[Ivan Nikolaevich Gorozhankin|Gorozhankin]] published his treatise on Gymnosperms (1895), for which he bears the [[botanical authority]] for Pinales, <small>Gorozh.</small>. In his classification, Gymnospermae (alternatively named Archespermae) was a class of the division [[Archegoniatae]], divided into subclasses;{{sfn|Gorozhankin|1904}}
* [[Cycadoideae]]
* [[Peucideae]] (Coniferae)

A system of two groups was maintained by the most commonly used classification in the twentieth century,{{sfn|Brunsfield et al|1994}} the revision of the Engler system by Pilger (1926), who grouped 12 families of the Gymnospermae subdivision into 2 classes;{{sfn|Pilger|1926}}
* Coniferales (Coniferae)
* Gnetales

The treatment of Gymnosperms as two groups, though with varying composition and names, was followed for most of the twentieth century, including the systems of Chamberlain (1935),{{sfn|Chamberlain|1935}} Benson (1957){{sfn|Benson|1957}} and [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] (1960).{{sfn|Cronquist|1960}}

In the latter, Cronquist divided Gymnospermae into two divisions; 
* division Coniferophyta 
** class Coniferae
** class [[Chlamydospermae]] (Gnetales)
* division Cycadophyta
** class Cycadae

Benson,(1957){{sfn|Benson|1957}} who introduced the term '''Pinales''', divided gymnosperms into four classes;{{sfn|De-Zhi et al|2004}}

* Conopsida (conifers, including Pinales)
* [[Ephedropsida]]
* [[Gnetopsida]]
* [[Cycadopsida]]

In a later revision, in collaboration with two other taxonomists (1966), Cronquist merged all the gymnosperms into a single division, '''Pinophyta''', with three subdivisions reflecting the main lineages;{{sfn|Cronquist et al|1966}}{{sfn|De-Zhi et al|2004}}
* Cycadicae
* Pinicae
* Gneticae

In the era of [[molecular phylogenetics]], De-Zhi and colleagues (2004) once again proposed a division of 12 gymnosperm families into two classes;{{sfn|De-Zhi et al|2004}}
* Cycadopsida
** order Cycadales
* Coniferopsida
** subclass Multinervidae (6 orders)
** subclass Taxidae
*** order Taxales
*** order Pinales

With the development of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] came a major realignment of the linear classification of the [[land plants]], by [[Mark Chase|Chase]] and [[James L. Reveal|Reveal]] (2009). In this system, the land plants form a class, [[Equisetopsida sensu lato|Equisetopsida ''s.l.'' (''sensu lato'')]] or ''[[sensu]]'' [[Mark Chase|Chase]] & [[James L. Reveal|Reveal]],{{efn|This term should not be confused with [[Equisetopsida]] ''sensu stricto'' when used as a class of ferns, synonymous with Equisetidae}} also known as embryophytes or Embryophyceae ''[[nom. illeg.]]''.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|2009}} Class Equisetopsida ''s.l.'' is divided into 14 [[subclades]] as subclasses, including Magnoliidae ([[angiosperms]]). The gymnosperms are represented by four of these subclasses, placing them in a [[sister group]] relationship to angiosperms. Subclasses (number of orders);{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|2009}}
* subclass Cycadidae <small>[[Ferdinand Pax|Pax]]</small> (1)
* subclass Ginkgooidae <small>[[Adolf Engler|Engl.]]</small> (1)
* subclass Gnetidae <small>Pax</small> (3)
* subclass Pinidae <small>[[Arthur Cronquist|Cronquist]], [[Takht.]] & [[Zimmerm.]]</small> (conifers) (1)