Editing Physical therapy (section)

==History==
[[File:Exercise to shoulder and elbow to increase motion following fracture and dislocation of humerus is being given by an... - NARA - 522885.tiff|thumb|right|300px|Exercise to [[shoulder]] and [[elbow]] to increase motion following [[humerus fracture|fracture]] and [[shoulder dislocation|dislocation]] of [[humerus]] is being given by an Army therapist to a soldier patient.]]

Physicians like [[Hippocrates]] and later [[Galen]] are believed to have been the first practitioners of physical therapy, advocating [[massage]], [[manual therapy]] techniques and [[hydrotherapy]] to treat people in 460&nbsp;BC.<ref>Wharton M. A. ''Health Care Systems I'', Slippery Rock University. 1991.{{page needed|date=June 2017}}</ref> After the development of [[orthopedics]] in the eighteenth century, machines like the [[Gymnasticon]] were developed to treat [[gout]] and similar diseases by systematic exercise of the joints, similar to later developments in physical therapy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bakewell S | title = Medical gymnastics and the Cyriax collection | journal = Medical History | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 487–95 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9536620 | pmc = 1043941 | doi = 10.1017/s0025727300063067 }}</ref>

The earliest documented origins of actual physical therapy as a professional group date back to [[Per Henrik Ling]], "Father of Swedish Gymnastics," who founded the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in 1813 for [[Joint manipulation|manipulation]], and [[exercise]]. Up until 2014, the Swedish word for a physical therapist was sjukgymnast = someone involved in gymnastics for those who are ill, but the title was then changed to fysioterapeut (physiotherapist), the word used in the other Scandinavian countries.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.fysioterapeuterna.se/Profession/Om-professionen/Fysioterapeut--ny-skyddad-yrkestitel-for-sjukgymnaster/| title = Fysioterapeut – nytt name på yet suk gymnast sedan 2014| access-date = 15 September 2020| archive-date = 28 August 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160828233655/https://www.fysioterapeuterna.se/Profession/Om-professionen/Fysioterapeut--ny-skyddad-yrkestitel-for-sjukgymnaster/| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 1887, PTs were given official registration by Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare. Other countries soon followed. In 1894, four nurses in Great Britain formed the [[Chartered Society of Physiotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Chartered Society of Physiotherapy|title=History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy|publisher=Chartered Society of Physiotherapy|url=http://www.csp.org.uk/director/about/thecsp/history.cfm|access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> The School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913,<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Knox B |title=History of the School of Physiotherapy|work=School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research|publisher=University of Otago|date=29 January 2007|url=http://physio.Otago.ac.NZ/about/history.asp|access-date=29 May 2008|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071224020426/http://physio.otago.ac.nz/about/history.asp|archive-date =24 December 2007}}</ref> and the United States 1914 [[Reed College]] in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides."<ref>{{cite web|author=Reed College|title=Mission and History|work=About Reed|publisher=Reed College|url=http://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html|access-date=29 May 2008|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920160729/https://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since the profession's inception, spinal manipulative therapy has been a component of the physical therapist practice.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bialosky JE, Simon CB, Bishop MD, George SZ | title = Basis for spinal manipulative therapy: a physical therapist perspective | journal = Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 643–7 | date = October 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.014 | pmid = 22197083 | pmc = 3461123}}</ref>

Modern physical therapy was established towards the end of the 19th century due to events that affected on a global scale, which called for rapid advances in physical therapy. Following this, American orthopedic surgeons began treating children with disabilities and employed women trained in physical education, and remedial exercise. These treatments were further applied and promoted during the Polio outbreak of 1916.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

During the First World War, women were recruited to work with and restore physical function to injured soldiers, and the field of physical therapy was institutionalized. In 1918 the term "Reconstruction Aide" was used to refer to individuals practicing physical therapy. The first school of physical therapy was established at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C., following the outbreak of World War I.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mowihsp/health/PTdevel.htm|title=Missouri Women in the Health Sciences - Health Professions - Development of the Field of Physical Therapy|website=beckerexhibits.wustl.edu}}</ref> Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of [[exercise]], massage, and [[traction (orthopedics)|traction]]. Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = McKenzie RA |title=The Cervical and Thoracic Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy|place=New Zealand|publisher=Spinal Publications Ltd.|year=1998|pages=16–20 |isbn=978-0-9597746-7-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = McKenzie R | title = Patient Heal Thyself | journal = Worldwide Spine & Rehabilitation | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–20 | year = 2002 }}</ref>

Around the time [[polio vaccine]]s were developed, physical therapists became a normal occurrence in hospitals throughout North America and Europe.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = af Klinteberg M | title = The history and present scope of physical therapy | journal = International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–9 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1601592 | doi = 10.1017/s0266462300007856 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In the late 1950s, physical therapists started to move beyond hospital-based practice to outpatient orthopedic clinics, public schools, colleges/universities health-centres, geriatric settings (skilled nursing facilities), rehabilitation centers and medical centers. Specialization in physical therapy in the U.S. occurred in 1974, with the Orthopaedic Section of the APTA being formed for those physical therapists specializing in orthopedics. In the same year, the [[International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists]] was formed,<ref name="IFOMPT_history">{{cite web| vauthors = Basson A |title=History: Abridged version of IFOMPT History|publisher=International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT)|year=2010|url=http://www.ifompt.com/About+IFOMPT/History.html|access-date=9 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003655/http://www.ifompt.com/About+IFOMPT/History.html|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> which has ever since played an important role in advancing manual therapy worldwide.

An international organization for the profession is the [[World Confederation for Physical Therapy]] (WCPT). It was founded in 1951 and has operated under the brand name [[World Physiotherapy]] since 2020.<ref name="WP_1/28/2020">{{cite web | title=Name change for global physical therapy body | website=[[World Physiotherapy]] | date=January 28, 2020 | url=https://world.physio/news/name-change-global-physical-therapy-body | access-date=January 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="WP_6/30/2020">{{cite web | title=New brand and website for global physiotherapy body | website=[[World Physiotherapy]] | date=June 30, 2020 | url=https://world.physio/news/new-brand-and-website-global-physiotherapy-body | access-date=January 4, 2024}}</ref>