Editing Philippa of Hainault (section)

==Queen of England==
[[File:King Edward III half groat York mint.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Half [[Groat (coin)|groat]] with portrait of King Edward III, York mint]]

===First years===
In October 1327, Philippa married Edward [[Proxy marriage|by proxy]] through the [[Bishop of Coventry]] in Valenciennes.<ref>Sury Geoffroy G., "Guillaume Ier (d'Avesnes) comte de Hainaut et sa fille Philippe", in, ''Bayern Straubing Hennegau : la Maison de Bavière en Hainaut, XIVe – XVe s.'', Edit. Geoffroy G. Sury, Bruxelles, 2010 (2e éd.), p. 55 : – Un parchemin daté du 30 August 1327 à Avignon, à un sceau, énonce que le pape Jean (XXII) accorde les dispenses nécessaires pour le mariage du roi Edouard (III) d'Angleterre et de Philippa, fille du comte Guillaume (Ier) de Hainaut, etc., sa parente au troisième degré. ''In, G. Wymans, " Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut ", aux A.E. Mons, n° d'ordre (cote) 583, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 130.''; – Un parchemin daté du 8/10/1327 à Nottingham, au sceau disparu, énonce qu'Edouard (III), roi d'Angleterre, donne procuration à R., évêque de Coventry, pour épouser en son nom, Philippa, fille du comte Guillaume (Ier) de Hainaut, etc., et régler la constitution de son douaire. ''In, G. Wymans, " Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut ", aux A.E. Mons, n° d'ordre (cote) 587, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 131.''</ref> The official marriage was at [[York Minster]] on 24 January 1328, eleven months after Edward's accession to the English throne; although the de facto rulers were Queen Mother Isabella and her lover, [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March]], who jointly acted as his [[regent]]s. Soon after their marriage, the couple retired to live at [[Woodstock Palace]] in Oxfordshire. Unlike many of her predecessors, Philippa did not alienate the English people by retaining her foreign retinue or bringing large numbers of foreigners to the English court. In August, her [[dower]] was fixed.<ref name="Northampton 1985, p. 132"/> She became a patron of the [[chronicler]] [[Jean Froissart]] and owned several [[illuminated manuscripts]], one of which currently is housed in the national library in Paris.  Froissart began to describe her as "The most gentle Queen, most liberal, and most courteous that ever was Queen in her days."

As Isabella did not wish to relinquish her own status, Philippa's coronation was postponed for two years. She was crowned queen on 18 February 1330 at [[Westminster Abbey]], when she was almost five months pregnant.<ref>Vale 2010.</ref> She gave birth to her first son, [[Edward, the Black Prince|Edward]], the following June. In October 1330, King Edward commenced his personal rule by staging a coup and ordering the arrest of the regents. Shortly afterward, Mortimer was executed for [[treason]] and then the Queen Mother was sent to [[Castle Rising]] in Norfolk, where she spent a number of years under house arrest but with her privileges and freedom of movement eventually restored.

She was invested as a [[Lady of the Order of the Garter]] (LG) in 1358.<ref>Collins, Hugh E. L. (2000) ''T[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKapp53K4_MC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&dq=Collins,+Hugh+E.+L.+(2000)+The+Order+of+the+Garter,+1348-1461:+Chivalry+and+Politics+in+Late+Medieval+England.+Clarendon+Press.+p.+79.&source=gbs_navlinks_s he Order of the Garter, 1348-1461: Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England].'' Clarendon Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780198208174.</ref>

===Political influence===
[[File:Queen Philippa interceding for the Burghers of Calais by JD Penrose.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Queen Philippa interceding for the Burghers of Calais by [[J. Doyle Penrose]]]]
Philippa proved to be the model of a queen and worked tirelessly for the crown, maintaining balance between royal and familial duties admired in tumultuous times. She was widely loved and respected as a queen who managed to have a successful marriage with Edward.

As the financial demands of the recent [[Hundred Years' War]] were enormous, Philippa wisely advised the King to take interest in the nation's [[Commerce|commercial expansion]] as a different method of covering the [[expense]]s.<ref>Costain, p.242</ref> She established the [[textile industry]] in [[Norwich]] by encouraging Flemish weavers to settle there<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Philippa of Hainaut |volume=21 |page=390}}</ref> and promoted [[coal industry|coal mining]] in [[Tynedale]].<ref name=EB1911/>

She was appointed to serve as [[regent]] in 1346,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> while her husband was away for the [[Hundred Years' War]].

In 1364 or 1365, Edward III demanded the return of Hainaut and other inheritances which had been given over to the dukes of Bavaria–Straubing in the name of Philippa, but he was unsuccessful as the custom in those regions favoured male heirs.<ref>Geoffroy G. Sury, ''Bayern Straubing Hennegau, XIV – XVe s.: la Maison de Bavière en Hainaut'', Edit. Geoffroy G. Sury, Bruxelles, © 2010 (2e éd.), p. 128: – Les 12–18 mai 1364, Albert de Bavière, bail et gouverneur des comtés de Hainaut, etc., sollicita les Etats généraux de Hainaut, de Hollande, de Zélande et de Frise, de donner leurs avis sur les prétentions du roi Edouard (III) d’Angleterre, du chef de son épouse Philippa de Hainaut, à la succession des dits pays de Hainaut, de Hollande, de Zélande et de Frise. Ces quatre Etats déclarèrent que la coutume de ceux-ci réservait cette succession aux hoirs mâles, par primogéniture, et s’opposait au dénombrement desdits pays. ''In, G. Wymans, « Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut », aux A.E. Mons, n° d’ordre (cote) 1052, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 223. (Or. sur pch.; 8 sc. ébréchés et brisés, 16 sc. disp.)''; – Réponse opposée, (en 1364) après consultation des Etats des pays concernés, par le duc de Bavière (Albert Ier), bail et gouverneur des comtés de Hainaut, etc., aux prétentions du roi Edouard III d’Angleterre évoquées précédemment. ''In, G. Wymans, « Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut », aux A.E. Mons, n° d’ordre (cote) 1053, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 224. (Minute sur parchemin, (Sans date (mai 1364.)''; – A Westminster, le 6 décembre 1365, le roi Edouard (III) d’Angleterre accorde un sauf-conduit au duc Albert de Bavière et à 120 suivants pour venir traiter à la Cour d’Angleterre du différend relatif au douaire de la reine Philippa (de Hainaut), son épouse, à la condition qu’il soit accompagné de membres des Etats de Hainaut, de Hollande, de Zélande, et de Frise, et muni de lettres de pleins pouvoirs délivrés par ces mêmes Etats pour parvenir à un accord définitif. ''In, G. Wymans, « Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut », aux A.E. Mons, n° d’ordre (cote) 1061, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 225. (Or. sur pch.; sc. disp.)''</ref>

===Military campaigns===
[[File:Filipa armada.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Depiction of Philippa at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] from [[Froissart's Chronicles]]]]
Philippa served as regent of England during the absence of her spouse in 1346. Facing a Scottish invasion, she gathered the English army, fought the Scots at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] near [[Durham, England|Durham]], and rallied the English soldiers on horse before them prior to the battle. This event resulted in an English victory and the [[David II of Scotland|Scottish King David II]] being taken prisoner, and held captive for eleven years.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Philippa accompanied her husband on expeditions to [[Scotland]] and the rest of Europe in the early campaigns of the [[Hundred Years War]], where she won acclaim for her gentle nature and compassion.  She was also remembered for persuading her husband to spare the lives of the [[Burghers of Calais]], whom he had planned to execute as an example to the townspeople following his [[Siege of Calais (1346–1347)|successful siege]] of that port.