Editing Perth, Scotland (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Perth, Scotland}}
===Early history===

Perth developed from an initial plan of two parallel streets: [[High Street (Perth, Scotland)|High Street]] and [[South Street (Perth, Scotland)|South Street]], linked by [[Vennels of Perth|several vennels]] leading north and south. The names of these vennels have historic origins, and many—such as Cow Vennel and [[Butcher|Fleshers]]' Vennel—recall the trades associated with their foundation. South Street was originally terminated at its eastern end by [[Gowrie House (Perth, Scotland)|Gowrie House]] (site of today's [[Perth Sheriff Court]]). Upon its demolition in the early 19th century, direct access was granted to the river.<ref name="gillon">Gillon, Jack  (2020). ''Perth History Tour''. {{isbn|9781398101425}}</ref>

The presence of [[Scone, Perthshire|Scone]] two miles (3&nbsp;km) northeast, the main royal centre of the [[Kingdom of Alba]] from at least the reign of [[Kenneth I]] (843–858), and later the site of the major [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] abbey of the same name founded by [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]] (1107–1124), enhanced Perth's early importance. Perth was considered the effective capital of Scotland, due to the frequent residence of the royal court. [[Royal burgh]] status was awarded to the city by [[William the Lion|King William the Lion]] in the early 12th century. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Perth was one of the richest trading burghs in the kingdom (along with such places as [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]], Aberdeen and [[Roxburgh]]), a residence of numerous craftsmen, organised into guilds (the [[metalworker|Hammermen]] and Glovers, for example). Perth also carried out an extensive trade with France, [[The Low Countries]] and the [[Baltic Countries]] with luxury goods being brought back in return, such as Spanish silk and French pottery and wine.<ref name="Graham-Campbell p8">Graham-Campbell (1994), p. 8.</ref> The royal castle (on or near the site of the present [[multi-storey car park]] adjacent to the new council offices), was destroyed by a flood of the Tay in 1209, one of many that have afflicted Perth over the centuries.<ref name="Graham-Campbell p 6">Graham-Campbell (1994), p. 6.</ref> It was never rebuilt, and Perth was protected at this time only by partial walls and an inventive{{clarify|date=February 2024}} water system, [[Perth Lade]], sourced from the [[River Almond, Perth and Kinross|River Almond]], which divided and flowed to the north on one side and the west and south on the other, eventually joining the Tay.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Guthrie |title=Bygone Perth |year=2005 |publisher=Stenlake Publishing |location=Catrine, Ayrshire |isbn=9781840333527 |pages=3–4 |url=http://www.stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=415 |access-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528201110/http://stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=415 |archive-date=28 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] brought his armies to Perth in 1296, and with only a [[ditch (fortification)|ditch]] for defence and little fortification, the city fell quickly.<ref name="Graham-Campbell p14">Graham-Campbell (1994), p. 14.</ref> Stronger fortifications were quickly built by the English, and plans to wall the city took shape in 1304. They remained standing until [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]]'s recapture of Perth in 1312.<ref name="Graham-Campbell pp16–17">Graham-Campbell (1994), pp16–17</ref> As part of a plan to make Perth a permanent English base within Scotland, [[Edward III]] forced six monasteries in [[Perthshire]] and [[Fife]] to pay for the construction of stone defensive walls, towers and fortified gates around the city in 1336. These defences were the strongest of any city in Scotland in the Middle Ages. The last remnant of the wall can be seen in Albert Close, near to the main entrance to the [[Royal George Hotel, Perth|Royal George Hotel]].<ref name="official6">''Official Guide to Perth and Its Neighbourhood by the Tramway Car Routes'' – Perth Town Council (1907), p. 6</ref><ref>[https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/perth-kinross/603267/603267/ "Fears over crumbling Perth tenement block"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202165709/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/perth-kinross/603267/603267/ |date=2 December 2021 }} – ''The Courier'', 19 February 2018</ref>

===15th–19th centuries===
[[File:Perth_map_of_1832.jpg|thumb|An 1832 map of Perth by [[James Gardner (surveyor)|James Gardner]]. It shows only one bridge (Perth Bridge) crossing the Tay. [[Tay Street]] had not yet been built, though some buildings exist on what would be its western side. St John's Kirk is marked]]

King [[James I of Scotland]] was assassinated in Perth in 1437, by followers of [[Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl]], at [[Blackfriars, Perth|Blackfriars church]].<ref>Brown, "James I (1394–1437)".</ref>

In May 1559, [[John Knox]] instigated the [[Scottish Reformation]] at grass-roots level with a sermon against 'idolatry' in the burgh kirk of St John the Baptist.<ref>{{cite book |last=Graham |first=Roderick |title=John Knox: Man of Action |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKlV-mkYDJMC&q=Perth+St+John+the+Baptist+Knox&pg=PA144 |year=2013 |publisher=St Andrew Press |isbn=9780861537150 |page=144 |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821174344/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PKlV-mkYDJMC&lpg=PA144&dq=Perth%20St%20John%20the%20Baptist%20Knox&pg=PA144#v=onepage&q=Perth%20St%20John%20the%20Baptist%20Knox&f=false |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> An inflamed mob quickly destroyed the altars in the kirk, and attacked the Houses of the Greyfriars and Blackfriars, and the [[Carthusian]] Priory. Scone Abbey was sacked shortly afterwards. The regent of infant [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], her mother [[Marie de Guise]], was successful in quelling the rioting but [[presbyterianism]] in Perth remained strong. Perth played a part in the Covenanting struggle and Perth was sacked for two days by Royalist troops after the [[Battle of Tippermuir]] in 1644.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=W. F. |title=South Perthshire and the covenanting struggle |journal=Scottish Church History Society |date=1926 |pages=57–64 |url=https://archive.org/stream/rschsv01p1bell#page/57 |access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> In 1651, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was crowned at nearby Scone Abbey, the traditional site of the investiture of Kings of Scots. That same year, [[Oliver Cromwell]] came to Perth following his victory in the [[Battle of Dunbar (1650)|Battle of Dunbar]] and established a fortified citadel on the [[South Inch]], one of five occupation forts built to control Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perthcity.co.uk/index.asp?pg=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824192418/http://www.perthcity.co.uk/index.asp?pg=61 |url-status=dead |title=Bridges |archive-date=24 August 2012}}</ref> The restoration of Charles II was not without incident, and with the [[Act of Settlement 1701|Act of Settlement]] in 1701, came the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] uprisings. The city was occupied by Jacobite soldiers in 1689, 1715 and 1745.

In 1760, Perth Academy was founded, and major industry came to the city, now with a population of 15,000. [[Linen]], leather, [[bleach]]ed products and [[whisky]] were its major exports. Given its location, Perth was perfectly placed to become a key transport centre with the coming of the railways. The first railway station in Perth was built in 1848. Horse-drawn carriages became popular in the 1890s; they were quickly replaced by electric trams of [[Perth Corporation Tramways]]. 

===20th and 21st centuries===

Despite being a [[garrison]] city and undergoing major social and industrial developments during the First World War, Perth remained relatively unchanged. In 1829, with the settlement of the Swan River Colony, in [[Western Australia]], [[Sir George Murray]] wanted it to be named [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] after the place where he was born. The ship ''[[Parmelia (barque)|Parmelia]]'' sailed to Australia to found the new settlement.<ref name="civic">[http://www.perthcivictrust.org.uk/staging/?page_id=480 Civic History of Perth from Medieval Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926192844/http://www.perthcivictrust.org.uk/staging/?page_id=480 |date=26 September 2021 }} – Perth Civic Trust</ref> The old [[Municipal Buildings, Perth|Municipal Buildings]] were completed in 1881, although the Perth and Kinross District Council moved to the former head office of [[General Accident]] at No. [[2 High Street, Perth|2 High Street]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pkc.gov.uk/media/14401/City-Status-Bid-document/pdf/City_Status_Bid_document.pdf?m=636105872603930000 |page=8 |title=The Fair City of Perth: Application for City Status |publisher=Perth and Kinross Council |date=5 April 2010 |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029185240/https://www.pkc.gov.uk/media/14401/City-Status-Bid-document/pdf/City_Status_Bid_document.pdf?m=636105872603930000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Today, Perth serves as a retail centre for the surrounding area. This includes a main shopping centre—[[St John's Centre (Perth)|St John's Centre]]—along with a pedestrianised high street and many independent and specialist shops.<ref name="Perth City Centre appraisal">{{cite web |url=http://www.pkc.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/60DFAFA4-6CEF-4027-8441-C9D2031A9BEC/0/PerthCentralCAAppraisalFinalversion.pdf |title=Perth City Centre Conservation Area Appraisal |publisher=Perth and Kinross Council |access-date=22 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718232028/http://www.pkc.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/60DFAFA4-6CEF-4027-8441-C9D2031A9BEC/0/PerthCentralCAAppraisalFinalversion.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The city also has "an embarrassing abundance of [[public house]]s".<ref name="bowler">[http://tafac.org.uk/perth.pdf ''Perth: The Archaeology and Development of a Scottish burgh''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165827/https://tafac.org.uk/perth.pdf |date=16 September 2021 }} – David P. Bowler, Tayside and Fife Archaeological Committee (2004), p. 46</ref> Main employers in the city now include [[Aviva]], [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] and [[Scottish and Southern Energy]].<ref name="Perth City Centre appraisal" />