Editing Peninsular War (section)

===Extortion of Portugal===
The [[Treaties of Tilsit]], negotiated during a meeting in July 1807 between Emperors [[Alexander I of Russia]] and [[Napoleon]], concluded the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]]. With [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] shattered, and the [[Russian Empire]] allied with the [[First French Empire]], Napoleon expressed irritation that [[Portugal]] was open to trade with Britain.{{sfn|Chandler|1995|p=588}} Pretexts were plentiful; Portugal was Britain's [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance|oldest ally in Europe]], Britain was finding new opportunities for trade with Portugal's colony in Brazil, the [[Royal Navy]] used Lisbon's port in its operations against France, and he wanted to deny the British the use of the Portuguese fleet. Furthermore, [[John VI of Portugal|Prince John of Braganza]], regent for his insane mother [[Maria I of Portugal|Queen Maria I]], had declined to join the emperor's [[Continental System]] against British trade.{{sfn|Chandler|1995|p=596}}

Events moved rapidly. The Emperor sent orders on 19 July 1807 to his Foreign Minister, [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord]], to order Portugal to declare war on Britain, close its ports to British ships, detain British subjects on a provisional basis and sequester their goods. After a few days, a large force started concentrating at [[Bayonne]].{{sfn|Chandler|1995|p=597}} Meanwhile, the Portuguese government's resolve was stiffening, and shortly afterward Napoleon was once again told that Portugal would not go beyond its original agreements. Napoleon now had all the pretext that he needed, while his force, the First Corps of Observation of the Gironde with [[divisional general]] [[Jean-Andoche Junot]] in command, was prepared to march on Lisbon. After he received the Portuguese answer, he ordered Junot's corps to cross the frontier into the [[Spanish Empire]].{{sfn|Oman|1902|p=7}}

While all this was going on, the secret [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (October 1807)|Treaty of Fontainebleau]] had been signed between France and Spain. The document was drawn up by Napoleon's marshal of the palace [[Géraud Duroc]] and Eugenio Izquierdo, an agent for [[Manuel Godoy]].{{sfn|Oman|1902|p=8}} The treaty proposed to carve up Portugal into three entities. [[Porto]] and the northern part was to become the [[Kingdom of Northern Lusitania]], under [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]]. The southern portion, as the Principality of the Algarves, would fall to Godoy. The rump of the country, centered on Lisbon, was to be administered by the French.{{sfn|Oman|1902|p=9}} According to the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Junot's invasion force was to be supported by 25,500 Spanish troops.{{sfn|Oman|1902|p=26}} On 12 October, Junot's corps began crossing the [[Bidasoa]] River into Spain at [[Irun]].{{sfn|Oman|1902|p=7}} Junot was selected because he had served as ambassador to Portugal in 1805. He was known as a good fighter and an active officer, although he had never exercised independent command.{{sfn|Oman|1902|p=8}}

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File:Jean-Baptiste Debret - Retrato de Dom João VI (MNBA) - cores compensadas.jpg|alt=Portrait of Prince John of Braganza.|''Portrait of Prince John of Braganza'' by [[Jean-Baptiste Debret]] (1817).
File:Napoleon I of France by Andrea Appiani.jpg|alt=Portrait of Napoleon as King of Italy.|''Napoleon Bonaparte'' by [[Andrea Appiani]] (1805).
</gallery>