Editing Peace of Westphalia (section)

==Locations==

Peace negotiations between France and the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] began in [[Cologne]] in 1636. These negotiations were initially blocked by [[Cardinal Richelieu]] of France, who insisted on the inclusion of all his allies, whether fully sovereign countries or states within the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Westphalia: The Last Christian Peace|first=Derek|last=Croxton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFlVmAEACAAJ|publisher=Palgrave|date=2013|isbn=978-1-137-33332-2|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116145846/https://books.google.com/books?id=kFlVmAEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2020}} In [[Hamburg]], Sweden, France, and the Holy Roman Empire negotiated a preliminary peace in December 1641.<ref name="Wilson632">{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Peter H. |year=2009 |title=Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-7139-9592-3|pages=632 }}</ref> They declared that the preparations of Cologne and the Treaty of Hamburg were preliminaries of an overall peace agreement.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

[[File:EinzugdesGesandten AdriaenPauw.jpg|thumb|Dutch envoy [[Adriaan Pauw]] enters Münster around 1646 for the peace negotiations.]]

The main peace negotiations took place in [[Westphalia]], in the neighbouring cities of [[Münster]] and [[Osnabrück]]. Both cities were maintained as neutral and demilitarized zones for the negotiations.<ref name="Wilson632"/>

In Münster, negotiations took place between the Holy Roman Empire and France, as well as between the [[Dutch Republic]] and Spain who on 30 January 1648 signed a [[Peace of Münster|peace treaty]] ending the Eighty Years' War<ref>{{cite web| url = https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1002389| title = Private Property in the Dutch-Spanish Peace Treaty of Münster (30 January 1648)| date = 23 July 2007| ssrn = 1002389| last1 = Lesaffer| first1 = Randall| doi = 10.2139/ssrn.1002389| access-date = 25 July 2020| archive-date = 28 March 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200328192357/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1002389| url-status = live}}</ref> that was not part of the Peace of Westphalia.<ref>[[Konrad Repgen]], 'Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an Examination of the Major Problems', In: ''1648: War and Peace in Europe'': 3 vols. (Catalogue of the 26th exhibition of the Council of Europe, on the Peace of Westphalia), Klaus Bußmann and Heinz Schilling (eds.) on behalf of the Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre Westfälischer Friede, Münster and Osnabrück: no publ., 1998, 'Essay Volume 1: Politics, Religion, Law and Society', pp. 355–72, here pp. 355 seq.</ref> Münster had been, since its re-Catholicism in 1535, a strictly mono-denominational community. It housed the Chapter of the [[Bishopric of Münster|Prince-Bishopric of Münster]]. Only [[Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] worship was permitted, while [[Calvinism]] and [[Lutheranism]] were prohibited.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Sweden preferred to negotiate with the Holy Roman Empire in Osnabrück, which was controlled by Protestant forces. Osnabrück was a bi-denominational Lutheran and Catholic city, with two Lutheran churches and two Catholic churches. The city council was exclusively Lutheran, and the [[Burgher (title)|burghers]] mostly so, but the city also housed the Catholic Chapter of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück]] and had many other Catholic inhabitants. Osnabrück had been subjugated by troops of the [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] from 1628 to 1633 and was then taken by Lutheran Sweden.<ref name="The Thirty Years War, Complete">{{cite web|last1=Schiller|first1=Frederick|title=The Thirty Years War, Complete|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6775/6775-h/6775-h.htm#link2H_4_0008}}</ref>