Editing Patty Hearst (section)

==Symbionese Liberation Army==
===Kidnapping===
On February 4, 1974, 19-year-old Hearst was kidnapped from her Berkeley apartment. A small [[urban guerrilla warfare|urban guerrilla]] left-wing group called the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] (SLA) claimed responsibility for the abduction.<ref name="fbi-famous">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/patty-hearst-kidnapping|website=FBI.gov|title=Patty Hearst Kidnapping|access-date=April 15, 2014|archive-date=April 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423001815/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/patty-hearst-kidnapping|url-status=live}}</ref> Hearst's kidnapping was partly opportunistic, as she resided near the SLA hideout. According to testimony at trial, the group's main intention was to leverage the [[Hearst family]]'s political influence to free SLA members Russ Little and [[Joe Remiro]], who had been arrested for the November 1973 murder of [[Marcus Foster]], superintendent of Oakland public schools.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

After the state refused to free the men, the SLA demanded that Hearst's family distribute $70 worth of food to every needy Californian, an operation that would cost an estimated $400 million. In response, Hearst's father obtained a loan and arranged the immediate donation of $2 million worth of food to the poor of the [[San Francisco Bay Area|Bay Area]] for one year in a project called People in Need. After the distribution descended into chaos, the SLA refused to release Hearst.<ref name="Patrick Mondout">{{cite web |url=http://www.super70s.com/Super70s/News/Special-Reports/Terrorism/SLA/Chronology.asp |title=SLA Chronology |access-date=January 21, 2007 |last=Patrick Mondout |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420055116/http://www.super70s.com/Super70s/News/Special-Reports/Terrorism/SLA/Chronology.asp |archive-date=April 20, 2008 }}</ref>

According to Hearst's testimony at her 1976 trial, she was held for a week in a closet, blindfolded and with her hands tied. During this time, SLA founder Cinque ([[Donald DeFreeze]]) repeatedly threatened her with death.<ref name="law2.umkc.edu">{{cite web|title=Excerpt of Cross-Examination of Defendant, Patty Hearst|work=Selected Trial Transcript Excerpts in the Patty Hearst Trial|url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hearst/hearstranscriptexcerpts.html|access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-date=March 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306033237/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hearst/hearstranscriptexcerpts.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was allowed to leave the closet for meals, still blindfolded, and began to participate in the group's political discussions. She was given a flashlight for reading and SLA political tracts to memorize. Hearst was confined in the closet for weeks. She said, "DeFreeze told me that the war council had decided or was thinking about killing me or me staying with them, and that I better start thinking about that as a possibility. ... I accommodated my thoughts to coincide with theirs."<ref name="law2.umkc.edu"/> In an April 1974 account, Hearst claimed that she had been offered the choice of being released or joining the SLA.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/04/archives/miss-hearst-says-she-joins-terrorists-patricia-hearst-says-she-has.html|title=Miss Hearst Says She Joins Terrorists|last=Caldwell|first=Earl|date=April 4, 1974|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 16, 2020|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012052347/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/04/archives/miss-hearst-says-she-joins-terrorists-patricia-hearst-says-she-has.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

When asked for her decision, Hearst elected to remain and fight with the SLA. The blindfold was removed, allowing her to see her captors for the first time. After this, she was given daily lessons on her duties, especially weapon drills. [[Angela Atwood]] told Hearst that the others wanted Hearst to share in the sexual freedom within the unit. Hearst later claimed to have been raped by [[Willie Wolfe|William "Willie" Wolfe]] and DeFreeze.<ref name="law2.umkc.edu"/><ref>{{cite news|location=San Francisco|title=Patty Hearst describes closet rape by captors|newspaper=Bangor Daily News|date=February 18, 1976}}</ref><ref name="transcripts.cnn.com">{{cite web |work=CNN |date=January 22, 2002 |author=Larry King Live |title=Interview with Patty Hearst – Transcript |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/22/lkl.00.html |access-date=December 31, 2014 |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025155630/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/22/lkl.00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Documentary">{{cite web|title=1974 news report on Hearst's Berkeley kidnapping|work=NBC news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/video/dateline/32129289#32130639|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101053948/http://www.nbcnews.com/video/dateline/32129289|archive-date=January 1, 2015}}</ref>

===Bank robbery===
On April 3, 1974, two months after she had been abducted, Hearst announced on an audiotape released to the media that she had joined the SLA and adopted the name Tania,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/guerrilla/timeline/timeline2.html |title= Timeline: Guerrilla: The Taking of Patty Hearst |publisher= [[American Experience]] |date= August 8, 2006 |access-date= September 7, 2017 |archive-date= February 15, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170215133108/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/guerrilla/timeline/timeline2.html |url-status= live }}</ref> a tribute to [[Che Guevara]]'s comrade [[Tamara Bunke]].<ref name="Gale">{{cite news|first=Jose Luis |last=Magana |title=Cuba honors the remains of 10 Guevara comrades|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=December 31, 1998|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title= Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Stockholm Syndrome |publisher= [[Gale]] |date= 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Hearst-hibernia-yell.jpg|200 px|alt=|thumb|Hearst yelling commands at bank customers; DeFreeze in hat on the left<ref name="Famous Pictures Magazine">{{cite web |date= May 14, 2013 |url= http://www.famouspictures.org/patty-hearst/ |title= Patty Hearst |work= Famous Pictures Magazine |access-date= January 21, 2016 |last= Lucas |first= Dean |archive-date= January 11, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111215813/http://www.famouspictures.org/patty-hearst/ |url-status= live }}</ref>]]
On April 15, 1974, Hearst was recorded on surveillance video wielding an [[M1 carbine]] while robbing the [[Sunset District]] branch of the Hibernia Bank at 1450 Noriega Street in San Francisco.<ref name="fbi-famous"/> Hearst, identified under her pseudonym of "Tania", yelled, "I'm Tania. Up, up, up against the wall, motherfuckers!"<ref>{{cite web|title=American Experience – More about the film Guerrilla: The Taking of Patty Hearst – Transcript|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/guerrilla/filmmore/pt.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051003235907/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/guerrilla/filmmore/pt.html|archive-date=October 3, 2005|access-date=December 26, 2019|work=PBS}}</ref><ref name="upi.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1975/Patty-Hearst-Jailed/12305821478075-9/ |title=1975 Year in Review: Patty Hearst Jailed |access-date=May 26, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009135934/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1975/Patty-Hearst-Jailed/12305821478075-9/ |archive-date=October 9, 2010 }}. United Press International. 1975</ref><ref name="Fort Scott Tribune">{{cite news|newspaper=The Fort Scott Tribune|date=February 7, 1976|location=San Francisco|author=AP|title=Testimony Expected from Miss Hearst}}</ref><ref name="archives.chicagotribune.com">{{cite news|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=April 16, 1974|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/04/16/page/1/article/patricia-hearst-identified-in-photos-of-bank-robbery|title=Patricia Hearst identified in photos of bank robbery|access-date=January 1, 2015|archive-date=September 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917100835/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/04/16/page/1/article/patricia-hearst-identified-in-photos-of-bank-robbery/|url-status=live}}</ref> Two men entered the bank while the robbery was occurring and were shot and wounded by the SLA.<ref name="upi.com"/><ref name="Fort Scott Tribune"/><ref name="archives.chicagotribune.com"/> According to testimony at her trial, a witness thought that Hearst had been several paces behind the others when running to the getaway car.<ref name="upi.com"/><ref name="Fort Scott Tribune"/><ref name="archives.chicagotribune.com"/>

Attorney General [[William B. Saxbe]] said that Hearst was a "common criminal" and "not a reluctant participant" in the bank robbery. [[James L. Browning Jr.]] said that her participation in the robbery may have been voluntary, contrasting with an earlier comment in which he said that she might have been coerced into taking part. The FBI agent heading the investigation said that SLA members were photographed pointing guns at Hearst during the robbery.<ref>{{cite news|location=San Francisco|title=Patricia Hearst Called Common Criminal|newspaper=Wilmington Morning Star|date=April 18, 1974}}</ref> A grand jury indicted her in June 1974 for the robbery.<ref>{{cite news|title=Patty Hearst is Indicted for Bank Robbery|newspaper=Sarasota Herald Tribune|date=June 7, 1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|location=San Francisco|title=Indict Patty on Rbbery|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=June 7, 1974}}</ref>

===Rescue of Harris===
On May 16, 1974, the manager at Mel's Sporting Goods in [[Inglewood, California]], observed a minor theft by [[William Harris (Symbionese Liberation Army)|William Harris]], who had been shopping with his wife [[Emily Harris|Emily]] while Hearst waited across the road in a van. The manager and an employee followed Harris out and confronted him. There was a scuffle and the manager restrained Harris, when a pistol fell out of Harris's waistband.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/05/22/page/19/article/fugitive-patty-hearst-may-face-intent-to-kill-charge|title=City of Inglewood 100th Anniversary 1908–2008|website=Chicago Tribune|access-date=July 18, 2017|archive-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110034415/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite news|first=Sebastian |last=Rotella|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-22-me-1341-story.html|title=Officer who investigated Patty Hearst's 1974 shoot-out in Inglewood says the incident shouldn't be 'erased from history.'|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=January 22, 1989|access-date=December 26, 2014|archive-date=December 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226113607/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-22/local/me-1341_1_south-bay|url-status=live}}</ref> Hearst discharged the entire magazine of an automatic carbine into the overhead storefront, causing the manager to dive behind a lightpost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/05/22/page/19/article/fugitive-patty-hearst-may-face-intent-to-kill-charges|title=Fugitive Patty Hearst may face intent-to-kill charges|date=May 22, 1974|website=Chicago Tribune|access-date=July 18, 2017|archive-date=December 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226145121/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/05/22/page/19/article/fugitive-patty-hearst-may-face-intent-to-kill-charges/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|location=Los Angeles|title=Victim is "Stunned" by Patty's Probation|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle|date=May 10, 1977}}</ref> He tried to shoot back, but Hearst began aiming closer.<ref name="Los Angeles Times"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofinglewood.org/pdfs/police/1970s.pdf|title=City of Inglewood 100th Anniversary 1908–2008|website=cityofinglewood.org|access-date=July 18, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226113221/http://www.cityofinglewood.org/pdfs/police/1970s.pdf|archive-date=December 26, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=May 22, 1974|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/05/22/page/19/article/fugitive-patty-hearst-may-face-intent-to-kill-charges|title=Fugitive Patty Hearst May Face Intent To Kill Charges|access-date=December 26, 2014|archive-date=December 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226145121/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/05/22/page/19/article/fugitive-patty-hearst-may-face-intent-to-kill-charges/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fugitive===
Hearst and the Harris couple hijacked two cars and abducted the owners. One was a young man who found Hearst so personable that he was reluctant to report the incident. He testified at the trial to her discussing the effectiveness of cyanide-tipped bullets and repeatedly asking if he was okay.<ref>''Famous Trials'' by Douglas O. Linder (2014), University of Missouri–Kansas City  (UMKC) School of Law [http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hearst/matthewstestimony.html "Testimony of Thomas Matthews in the Patty Hearst Trial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108212446/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hearst/matthewstestimony.html |date=November 8, 2015 }}</ref> Police had surrounded the main base of the SLA in Los Angeles before these three returned, so they hid elsewhere.

The six SLA members inside the hideout died. There was an hourslong gunfight with police, and two members were fatally shot; a fire broke out in the house, in which the remainder died, but DeFreeze first killed himself by gunshot. It was initially thought that Hearst had also died during this confrontation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rotella |first=Sebastian |date=January 22, 1989 |title=Officer who investigated Patty Hearst's 1974 shoot-out in Inglewood says the incident shouldn't be 'erased from history.' |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-22-me-1341-story.html |access-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref> Warrants were issued for the arrest of Hearst and the Harrises for several [[mwod:felony|felonies]], including two counts of kidnapping.<ref name="Documentary" />

Emily Harris went to a Berkeley rally to commemorate the deaths of [[Angela Atwood]], Soltysik, DeFreeze, and other founding members of the SLA who had died in Los Angeles during the police siege. Harris recognized Atwood's acquaintance [[Kathy Soliah]] among the radicals whom she had known from civil rights groups. Soliah introduced the three fugitives to [[Jack Scott (sportswriter)|Jack Scott]], an athletics reformer and radical, and he agreed to provide them help and money.<ref name="Guerrilla">PBS ''American Experience'', retrieved 26/12/14 [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/guerrilla/filmmore/ps_stone.html "Guerrilla"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215212020/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/guerrilla/filmmore/ps_stone.html |date=February 15, 2017 }}</ref>

===Involvement in later SLA crimes===
Hearst helped make [[improvised explosive devices]]. These were used in two unsuccessful attempts to kill police officers during August 1975; one of the devices failed to detonate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alternet.org/story/12254?page=3|first=Greg|last=Goldin|title=The Last Revolutionary: Sara Jane Olson Speaks|newspaper=LA Weekly|date=January 18, 2002|access-date=December 26, 2014|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324095753/http://www.alternet.org/story/12254?page=3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.postgazette.com/columnists/20010310roddy.asp|title=Payback from a long-forgotten account|first=Dennis|last=Roddy|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=March 10, 2001|access-date=December 26, 2014|archive-date=February 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205082055/http://www.postgazette.com/columnists/20010310roddy.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

Marked money found in the apartment when she was arrested linked Hearst to the SLA armed robbery of [[Crocker National Bank]] in [[Carmichael, California]]; she was the getaway car driver for the robbery. Myrna Opsahl, a mother of four who was at the bank making a deposit, was shot dead by a masked [[Emily Harris]]. Hearst was potentially at risk for felony murder charges and could testify as a witness against Harris for a capital offense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200201/17_stoltzef_olson/|title=Sara Jane Olson charged with murder|first=Frank|last=Stoltze|website=[[Minnesota Public Radio]]|date=January 17, 2002|access-date=December 26, 2014|archive-date=December 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227014230/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200201/17_stoltzef_olson/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|location=San Francisco|title=Patty tells of Holdups, Bombings|newspaper=Evening Independent|date=December 5, 1981}}</ref>