Editing Parkinsonism (section)

== Conditions==
Parkinsonism occurs in many conditions.

=== Neurological ===
[[Neurodegenerative]] conditions and [[Parkinson plus syndrome|Parkinson-plus syndrome]]s that can cause parkinsonism include:<ref name="Bradley2004">{{cite book|title= Neurology in Clinical Practice: Principles of diagnosis and management |volume= 1 |editor= Bradley, Walter George |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year= 2004 |chapter= Diagnosis and Assessment |vauthors= Jankovic J, Lang AE |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=vOQqyNhTDl0C&q=parkinsonism&pg=PA294 295–96] | isbn= 978-99976-25-88-5}}</ref>
* [[Corticobasal degeneration]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* The relationship (if any) with [[essential tremor]] is not clear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Algarni M, Fasano A | title = The overlap between Essential tremor and Parkinson disease | journal = Parkinsonism & Related Disorders | volume = 46 | pages = S101–S104 | date = January 2018 | issue = Suppl 1 | pmid = 28729090 | doi = 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.07.006 | url = https://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020(17)30239-0/abstract?code=prd-site }}</ref>
* [[Frontotemporal dementia]] ([[Pick's disease]])<ref name="Finger2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Finger EC | title = Frontotemporal Dementias | journal = Continuum | volume = 22 | issue = 2 Dementia | pages = 464–89 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27042904 | pmc = 5390934 | doi = 10.1212/CON.0000000000000300 | type = Review }}</ref>
* [[Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Huntington's disease]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Lytico-bodig disease]] ([[ALS]] complex of Guam)<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Multiple system atrophy]] ([[Shy–Drager syndrome]])<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Neuroacanthocytosis]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration]], also known as [[neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Parkin mutation]] causing [[hereditary juvenile dystonia]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Parkinson's disease dementia]]<ref name="McKeithConsensus2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Halliday G, Taylor JP, Weintraub D, Aarsland D, Galvin J, Attems J, Ballard CG, Bayston A, Beach TG, Blanc F, Bohnen N, Bonanni L, Bras J, Brundin P, Burn D, Chen-Plotkin A, Duda JE, El-Agnaf O, Feldman H, Ferman TJ, Ffytche D, Fujishiro H, Galasko D, Goldman JG, Gomperts SN, Graff-Radford NR, Honig LS, Iranzo A, Kantarci K, Kaufer D, Kukull W, Lee VM, Leverenz JB, Lewis S, Lippa C, Lunde A, Masellis M, Masliah E, McLean P, Mollenhauer B, Montine TJ, Moreno E, Mori E, Murray M, O'Brien JT, Orimo S, Postuma RB, Ramaswamy S, Ross OA, Salmon DP, Singleton A, Taylor A, Thomas A, Tiraboschi P, Toledo JB, Trojanowski JQ, Tsuang D, Walker Z, Yamada M, Kosaka K | title = Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium | journal = Neurology | volume = 89 | issue = 1 | pages = 88–100 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28592453 | pmc = 5496518 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058 | type = Review }}</ref>
* [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Wilson's disease]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[X-linked dystonia parkinsonism]] ([[Lubag Syndrome|Lubag syndrome]])<ref name="Bradley2004" />

=== Infectious ===
* [[Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]]<ref name="Bradley2004" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maltête D, Guyant-Maréchal L, Mihout B, Hannequin D | title = Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a review | journal = Parkinsonism & Related Disorders | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 65–71 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16364674 | doi = 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.10.004 }}</ref>
* [[Encephalitis lethargica]]<ref name="Aminoff_2005" />
* [[HIV]] infection<ref name="Bradley2004" /> and [[AIDS]]<ref name="Bradley2004" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tse W, Cersosimo MG, Gracies JM, Morgello S, Olanow CW, Koller W | title = Movement disorders and AIDS: a review | journal = Parkinsonism & Related Disorders | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 323–34 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15261874 | doi = 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.03.001 }}</ref>
*[[Japanese encephalitis]]<ref name=Jong2022>{{cite book |first=Johnie A.|last=Yates|editor1-last=Jong |editor1-first=Elaine C. |editor2-last=Stevens |editor2-first=Dennis L. |title=Netter's Infectious Diseases |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-71159-3 |page=419|edition=2nd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA419|language=en |chapter=70. Arboviruses of medical importance}}</ref>

=== Toxins ===
Evidence exists to show a link between exposure to [[pesticides]] and [[herbicides]] and PD; a two-fold increase in risk was seen with [[paraquat]] or [[maneb]]/[[mancozeb]] exposure.<ref name="Pezzoli2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pezzoli G, Cereda E | title = Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of Parkinson disease | journal = Neurology | volume = 80 | issue = 22 | pages = 2035–41 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23713084 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318294b3c8 | s2cid = 13628268 | type = Meta-analysis }}</ref>

Chronic [[manganese]] (Mn) exposure has been shown to produce a parkinsonism-like illness characterized by movement abnormalities.<ref name="Guilarte2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guilarte TR, Gonzales KK | title = Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism Is Not Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: Environmental and Genetic Evidence | journal = Toxicological Sciences | volume = 146 | issue = 2 | pages = 204–12 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26220508 | pmc = 4607750 | doi = 10.1093/toxsci/kfv099 | type = Review }}</ref> This condition is not responsive to [[Management of Parkinson's disease|typical therapies used in the treatment of PD]], suggesting an alternative pathway than the typical [[dopamine]]rgic loss within the [[substantia nigra]].<ref name="Guilarte2015" /> Manganese may accumulate in the [[basal ganglia]], leading to the abnormal movements that characterize parkinsonism.<ref name="Kwakye2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwakye GF, Paoliello MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Bowman AB, Aschner M | title = Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 12 | issue = 7 | pages = 7519–40 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26154659 | pmc = 4515672 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph120707519 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> A mutation of the [[SLC30A10]] gene, a manganese efflux transporter necessary for decreasing intracellular Mn, has been linked with the development of this parkinsonism-like disease.<ref name="Peres2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Peres TV, Schettinger MR, Chen P, Carvalho F, Avila DS, Bowman AB, Aschner M | title = Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: a review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies | journal = BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 57 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27814772 | pmc = 5097420 | doi = 10.1186/s40360-016-0099-0 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[Lewy body|Lewy bodies]] typical to PD are not seen in Mn-induced parkinsonism.<ref name="Kwakye2015" />

[[Agent Orange]] may be a cause of parkinsonism, although evidence is inconclusive and further research is needed.<ref name=McKnight2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=McKnight S, Hack N |title=Toxin-Induced Parkinsonism |journal=Neurol Clin |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=853–865 |date=November 2020 |pmid=33040865 |doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2020.08.003 |s2cid=222299758 |type= Review|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Other toxins that have been associated with parkinsonism are:
* [[Annonaceae]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carod-Artal FJ | title = [Neurological syndromes linked with the intake of plants and fungi containing a toxic component (I). Neurotoxic syndromes caused by the ingestion of plants, seeds and fruits] | language = es | journal = Revista de Neurología | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = 860–71 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12717675 | type = Review }}</ref>
* [[Carbon monoxide]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Carbon disulfide]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Cyanide]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Ethanol]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Hexane]]<ref name="Kim2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim EA, Kang SK | title = Occupational neurological disorders in Korea | journal = Journal of Korean Medical Science | volume = 25 | issue = Suppl | pages = S26-35 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21258587 | pmc = 3023358 | doi = 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.S.S26 | type = Review }}</ref>
* [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Methanol]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[MPTP]]<ref name="Bradley2004" /><ref name="Watanabe_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Watanabe Y, Himeda T, Araki T | title = Mechanisms of MPTP toxicity and their implications for therapy of Parkinson's disease | journal = Medical Science Monitor | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = RA17-23 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15614202 | url = http://www.medscimonit.com/pub/vol_11/no_1/5333.pdf }}</ref>
* [[Rotenone]]<ref name="Nandipati">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nandipati S, Litvan I | title = Environmental Exposures and Parkinson's Disease | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 881 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27598189 | pmc = 5036714 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph13090881 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Toluene]]<ref>Weiss J. Chapter 151. Toluene and Xylene. In: Olson KR, ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=55982958. Accessed April 21, 2013.</ref> ([[inhalant abuse]]: "huffing")<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Uitti RJ, Snow BJ, Shinotoh H, Vingerhoets FJ, Hayward M, Hashimoto S, Richmond J, Markey SP, Markey CJ, Calne DB | title = Parkinsonism induced by solvent abuse | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 616–9 | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8179306 | doi = 10.1002/ana.410350516 | s2cid = 23657208 }}</ref>

=== Vascular ===
* [[Binswanger's disease]] (subcortical [[leukoencephalopathy]])<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Vascular dementia]] (multi-infarct)<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Dural arteriovenous fistula]] / dAVF (reversible parkinsonism through fistula treatment)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lai |first1=Joshua |last2=Heran |first2=Manraj K.S. |last3=Stoessl |first3=A. Jon |last4=Gooderham |first4=Peter A. |date=2017-03-27 |title=Reversible Parkinsonism and Rapidly Progressive Dementia Due to Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: Case Series and Literature Review |journal=Movement Disorders Clinical Practice |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=607–611 |doi=10.1002/mdc3.12480 |issn=2330-1619 |pmc=6174482 |pmid=30363443}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matsuda |first1=S. |last2=Waragai |first2=M. |last3=Shinotoh |first3=H. |last4=Takahashi |first4=N. |last5=Takagi |first5=K. |last6=Hattori |first6=T. |date=1999-05-01 |title=Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) presenting progressive dementia and parkinsonism |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10426146/ |journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=43–47 |doi=10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00075-1 |issn=0022-510X |pmid=10426146|s2cid=31594108 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hang Rai |last2=Lee |first2=Jee-Young |last3=Kim |first3=Yu Kyeong |last4=Park |first4=Hyeyoung |last5=Kim |first5=Han-Joon |last6=Son |first6=Young-Je |last7=Jeon |first7=Beom Seok |date=September 2015 |title=Dural Arteriovenous Fistula-Associated Reversible Parkinsonism with Presynaptic Dopaminergic Loss |journal=Journal of Movement Disorders |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=141–143 |doi=10.14802/jmd.15021 |issn=2005-940X |pmc=4572665 |pmid=26413242}}</ref>
* Dural arteriovenous malformation / dAVM (reversible through dAVM treatment) <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=S. |last2=Friedman |first2=J. H. |last3=Innis |first3=R. |last4=Seibyl |first4=J. |last5=Marek |first5=K. |date=March 2001 |title=Hemi-parkinsonism due to a midbrain arteriovenous malformation: dopamine transporter imaging |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11295793/ |journal=Movement Disorders|volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=350–353 |doi=10.1002/mds.1047 |issn=0885-3185 |pmid=11295793|s2cid=22701874 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Armenteros |first1=Patricia Rodrigo |last2=Kapetanovic |first2=Solange |last3=Lopez |first3=Sonia Gonzalez |last4=Vazquez-Lorenzo |first4=Enrique |last5=Mendez |first5=Lander Anton |last6=Muga |first6=Juan Jose Gomez |last7=Deza |first7=Edison Santos Morales |last8=Iriarte |first8=Markel Erburu |last9=Garcia-Monco |first9=Juan Carlos |date=2022-03-29 |title=Pearls & Oy-sters: Arteriovenous Malformation With Sinus Thrombosis and Thalamic Hemorrhage: Unusual Cause of Parkinsonism and Dementia |url=https://n.neurology.org/content/98/13/550 |journal=Neurology |language=en |volume=98 |issue=13 |pages=550–553 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000200016 |issn=0028-3878 |pmid=35121672|s2cid=246556634 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Other ===
* [[Chronic traumatic encephalopathy]] (boxer's dementia or pugilistic encephalopathy)<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* Damage to the [[brain stem]] (especially dopaminergic nuclei of the [[substantia nigra]]),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jubault T, Brambati SM, Degroot C, Kullmann B, Strafella AP, Lafontaine AL, Chouinard S, Monchi O | title = Regional brain stem atrophy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease detected by anatomical MRI | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 12 | pages = e8247 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 20011063 | pmc = 2784293 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0008247|editor1-link=Howard E. Gendelman | editor-first = Howard E. | editor-last = Gendelman | bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.8247J | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[basal ganglia]] (especially [[globus pallidus]])<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuoppamäki M, Rothwell JC, Brown RG, Quinn N, Bhatia KP, Jahanshahi M | title = Parkinsonism following bilateral lesions of the globus pallidus: performance on a variety of motor tasks shows similarities with Parkinson's disease | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 76 | issue = 4 | pages = 482–90 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15774432 | pmc = 1739601 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2003.020800 }}</ref> and the [[thalamus]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Halliday|first=Glenda M.|date=2009-12-15|title=Thalamic changes in Parkinson's disease|journal=Parkinsonism & Related Disorders|language=en|volume=15|pages=S152–S155|doi=10.1016/S1353-8020(09)70804-1|pmid=20082979}}</ref>
* [[Hypothyroidism]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Orthostatic tremor]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Apartis E, Tison F, Arné P, Jedynak CP, Vidailhet M | title = Fast orthostatic tremor in Parkinson's disease mimicking primary orthostatic tremor | journal = Movement Disorders | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 1133–6 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11748748 | doi = 10.1002/mds.1218 | s2cid = 36301428 }}</ref>
* [[Paraneoplastic syndrome]]: neurological symptoms caused by antibodies associated with cancers<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Panzer J, Dalmau J | title = Movement disorders in paraneoplastic and autoimmune disease | journal = Current Opinion in Neurology | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 346–53 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21577108 | pmc = 3705177 | doi = 10.1097/WCO.0b013e328347b307 }}</ref>
* Rapid onset dystonia parkinsonism<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Y, Lu Y, Zhang X, Xie S, Wang T, Wu T, Wang C | title = A case of rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism accompanied by pyramidal tract impairment | journal = BMC Neurology | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 218 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27835968 | pmc = 5105251 | doi = 10.1186/s12883-016-0743-8 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saito M, Maruyama M, Ikeuchi K, Kondo H, Ishikawa A, Yuasa T, Tsuji S | title = Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism | journal = Brain & Development | volume = 22 | pages = S115-7 | date = September 2000 | issue = Suppl 1 | doi = 10.1016/s0387-7604(00)00137-6 | pmid = 10984671 | s2cid = 22733500 }}</ref>