Editing Park (section)

==Design==
[[File:Hatanpää Arboretum 2020.jpg|thumb|[[Hatanpää Park]] in [[Tampere]], [[Finland]]]]
[[File:Нидерланды Кекенхоф Королевский парк тюльпанов.jpg|thumb|Keukenhof, Royparkal Tulip Park, Netherlands]]
Park design is influenced by the intended purpose and audience, as well as by the available land features. A park intended to provide recreation for children may include a [[playground]]. A park primarily intended for adults may feature walking paths and decorative landscaping. Specific features, such as riding trails, may be included to support specific activities.

The design of a park may determine who is willing to use it. Walkers might feel unsafe on a [[mixed-use path]] that is dominated by fast-moving cyclists or horses. Different landscaping and infrastructure may even affect children's rates of park usage according to gender. Redesigns of two parks in Vienna suggested that the creation of multiple semi-enclosed play areas in a park could encourage equal use by boys and girls.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2013/09/how-design-city-women/6739/ |title=How to Design a City for Women |website=[[CityLab]] |first=Clare |last=Foran |date=September 16, 2013 }}</ref>

Parks are part of the urban infrastructure: for physical activity, for families and communities to gather and socialize, or for a simple respite. Research reveals that people who exercise outdoors in green-space derive greater mental health benefits.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective |first1=Rachel |last1=Kaplan |first2=Stephen |last2=Kaplan |year=1989 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-34139-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/experienceofnatu00kapl }}</ref> Providing activities for all ages, abilities and income levels is important for the physical and mental well-being of the public.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.arcadenw.org/article/design-and-public-health-working-hand-in-hand-for-better-built-environments |title=Design and Public Health: Working Hand-in-Hand for Better Built Environments |first1=Daniel |last1=Friedman |first2=Andrew |last2=Dannenberg |first3=Howard |last3=Frumkin |volume=31 |issue=3 |date=July 29, 2013 |journal=[[Arcade (architecture magazine)|ARCADE]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114327/https://www.arcadenw.org/article/design-and-public-health-working-hand-in-hand-for-better-built-environments |archive-date=February 2, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.nrpa.org/contentassets/f768428a39aa4035ae55b2aaff372617/park-safety.pdf |title=Issue Brief: Creating Safe Park Environments to Enhance Community Wellness |work=[[National Recreation and Park Association]] |access-date=October 31, 2014}}</ref>

Parks can also benefit [[pollinators]], and some parks (such as Saltdean Oval in [[East Sussex]]) have been redesigned to accommodate them better.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2014/09/for-bee-friendly-parks-head-for-the-great-unmown/380831/|title=For Bee-Friendly Parks, Head For the Great Unmown|website=[[CityLab]] |first=Laura |last=Bliss |date=September 26, 2014 }}</ref> Some organizations, such as the [[Xerces Society]] are also promoting this idea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/pollinator_friendly_parks_21ed_xerces_society.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815041438/http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/pollinator_friendly_parks_21ed_xerces_society.pdf |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |title=Pollinator-friendly parks |work=[[Xerces Society]] |first1=Matthew |last1=Shepherd |first2=Mace |last2=Vaughan |first3=Scott |last3=Hoffman Black |year=2008 }}</ref>

===Role in city revitalization===
City parks play a role in improving cities and improving the futures for residents and visitors - for example, Millennium Park in Chicago, Illinois<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asla.org/awards/2008/08winners/441.html|title=ASLA 2008 Professional Awards|website=www.asla.org|access-date=November 17, 2016}}</ref> or the Mill River Park and Green way in Stamford, CT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asla.org/2015awards/95842.html|title=2015 ASLA PROFESSIONAL AWARDS|website=www.asla.org|access-date=November 17, 2016}}</ref> One group that is a strong proponent of parks for cities is The American Society of Landscape Architects. They argue that parks are important to the fabric of the community on an individual scale and broader scales such as entire neighborhoods, city districts or city park systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asla.org/sustainablelandscapes/Vid_Parks.html|title=Designing Our Future: Sustainable Landscapes|website=www.asla.org|access-date=November 17, 2016}}</ref>

===Design for safety===
[[File:Veale Gardens.JPG|thumb|[[Veale Gardens]] in [[Adelaide]], Australia]]
[[File:Example of night photography at The Garden of Five Senses, New Delhi.JPG|thumb|A well-lit path in Delhi's [[Garden of Five Senses]]]]
Parks need to feel safe for people to use them. Research shows that perception of safety can be more significant in influencing human behavior than actual crime statistics.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mapping Perceptions of Safety in Parks |journal=The Florida Geographer |volume=49 |author1=Morgan, J. D. |author2=Snyder, J. A. |author3=Evans, S. Z. |author4=Evans, J. |author5=Greller, R. |s2cid=169913264 |date=2017 }}</ref> If citizens perceive a park as unsafe, they might not make use of it at all.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

A study done in four cities; Albuquerque, NM, Chapel Hill/Durham, NC, Columbus, OH, and Philadelphia, PA, with 3815 survey participants who lived within a half-mile of a park indicated that in addition to safety park facilities also played a significant role in park use and that increasing facilities instead of creating an image of a safe park would increase use of the park.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lapham|first1=Sandra C.|last2=Cohen|first2=Deborah A.|last3=Han|first3=Bing|last4=Williamson|first4=Stephanie|last5=Evenson|first5=Kelly R.|last6=McKenzie|first6=Thomas L.|last7=Hillier|first7=Amy|last8=Ward|first8=Phillip|date=September 1, 2016|title=How important is perception of safety to park use? A four-city survey|journal=Urban Studies|language=en|volume=53|issue=12|pages=2624–2636|doi=10.1177/0042098015592822|pmid=34552299|s2cid=156745459|issn=0042-0980|pmc=8455087|bibcode=2016UrbSt..53.2624L }}</ref>

There are a number of features that contribute to whether a park feels safe. Elements in the physical design of a park, such as an open and welcoming entry, good visibility (sight lines), and appropriate lighting and signage can all make a difference. Regular park maintenance, as well as programming and community involvement, can also contribute to a feeling of safety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pps.org/reference/torontosafety2/|title=Key Factors in Planning, Designing and Maintaining Safer Parks |work=[[Project for Public Spaces]] |date=December 31, 2008}}</ref>

While [[Crime prevention through environmental design]] (CPTED) has been widely used in facility design, the use of CPTED in parks has not been.  Iqbal and Ceccato performed a study in [[Stockholm|Stockholm, Sweden]] to determine if it would be useful to apply to parks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Iqbal|first1=Asifa|last2=Ceccato|first2=Vania|date=June 1, 2016|title=Is CPTED Useful to Guide the Inventory of Safety in Parks? A Study Case in Stockholm, Sweden|journal=International Criminal Justice Review|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=150–168|doi=10.1177/1057567716639353|s2cid=147276930|issn=1057-5677|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-194663}}</ref>  Their study indicated that while CPTED could be useful, due to the nature of a park, increasing the look of safety can also have [[unintended consequences]] on the aesthetics of the park.  Creating secure areas with bars and locks lowers the beauty of the park, as well as the nature of who is in charge of observing the public space and the feeling of being observed.<ref name=":0" />