Editing Paris (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Paris}}
{{For timeline}}

===Origins===
{{main|Lutetia}}

The ''[[Parisii (Gaul)|Parisii]]'' people inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC.{{sfn|Arbois de Jubainville|Dottin|1889|p=132}}{{sfn|Cunliffe|2004|p=201}} One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the [[Seine]] on the [[Île de la Cité]], which gradually became an important trading centre.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=25}} The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=65–70}}
[[File:ParisiiCoins.jpg|thumb|Gold coins minted by the [[Parisii (Gaul)|Parisii]], 1st century BC]]

[[Julius Caesar]] [[Gallic Wars|conquered]] the [[Paris Basin]] for the [[Roman Republic]] in 52 BC and began the Roman settlement on Paris's [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]].{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=88–104}} The Roman town was originally called [[Lutetia]] (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii", modern French ''Lutèce''). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an [[amphitheatre]].{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=154–167}}

By the end of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the town was known as ''Parisius'', a [[Latin language|Latin]] name that would later become ''Paris'' in French.{{Sfn|Meunier|2014|p=12}} [[Christianity]] was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint [[Saint Denis of Paris|Denis]], the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as ''Mons Martyrum'' (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "[[Montmartre]]", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]], and many French kings are buried there.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=210–211}}

[[Clovis I|Clovis the Frank]], the first king of the [[Merovingian dynasty]], made the city his capital from 508.<ref>Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds. ''France in the World: A New Global History'' (2019) pp 81–86.</ref> As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the [[Franks]] to Paris and the Parisian [[Francien language|Francien]] dialects were born. Fortification of the [[Île de la Cité]] failed to avert [[Siege of Paris (845)|sacking by Vikings in 845]], but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the [[Siege of Paris (885–886)]], for which the then [[Count of Paris]] (''comte de Paris''), [[Odo of France]], was elected king of [[West Francia]].{{sfn|Jones|1994|p=48}} From the [[House of Capet|Capetian]] dynasty that began with the 987 election of [[Hugh Capet]], Count of Paris and [[Duke of the Franks]] (''duc des Francs''), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=210–211}}

===High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV===
{{See also|Paris in the Middle Ages|Paris in the 16th century|Paris in the 17th century}}
[[File:Palais de la Cite.jpg|alt=The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)|thumb|The [[Palais de la Cité]] and [[Sainte-Chapelle]], viewed from the Left Bank, from the [[Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry]] (month of June) (1410)]]

By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} The [[Palais de la Cité]], the royal residence, was located at the western end of the Île de la Cité. In 1163, during the reign of [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]], [[Maurice de Sully]], bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]] at its eastern extremity.

After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in from around the 10th century,{{sfn|Bussmann|1985|p=22}} Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's [[Les Halles]]) replaced the two smaller ones on the [[Île de la Cité]] and [[Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville – Esplanade de la Libération|Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville)]].{{sfn|de Vitriaco|Hinnebusch|1972|p=262}} The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government.

In the late 12th century, [[Philip II of France|Philip Augustus]] extended the [[Louvre]] fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=36–40}} In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the [[University of Paris]] and would draw students from all of Europe.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}}

With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants.<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |title=Paris history facts |date=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195637/https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by {{Lang|fr|merde}}, the French word for "shit".<ref>John Kelly, ''"The Great Mortality"'' (2005). pp 42</ref>
[[File:P1030887 Paris IV hôtel de Sens rwk.JPG|alt=|thumb|The [[Hôtel de Sens]] ({{Circa}} 15th–16th), former residence of the Archbishop of Sens]]
During the [[Hundred Years' War]], Paris was occupied by England-friendly [[Burgundian State|Burgundian forces]] from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when [[Henry V of England]] entered the French capital in 1420;<ref>Du Fresne de Beaucourt, G., ''Histoire de Charles VII'', Tome I: ''Le Dauphin'' (1403–1422), Librairie de la Société bibliographiqque, 35 Rue de Grenelle, Paris, 1881, pp. 32 & 48</ref> in spite of a 1429 effort by [[Joan of Arc]] to liberate the city,{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=52–53}} it would remain under English occupation until 1436.

In the late 16th-century [[French Wars of Religion]], Paris was a stronghold of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]], the organisers of 24 August 1572 [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] in which thousands of French Protestants were killed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |archive-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bayrou|1994|pp=121–130}} The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the [[Pont Neuf]], built a Louvre extension connecting it to the [[Tuileries Palace]], and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now [[Place des Vosges]]. In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near [[Les Halles]] marketplace in 1610.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=577}}

During the 17th century, [[Cardinal Richelieu]], chief minister of [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]], was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the [[College of Sorbonne]], and a palace for himself, the [[Palais-Royal|Palais-Cardinal]]. After Richelieu's death in 1642, it was renamed the [[Palais-Royal]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=582}}

[[File:Plan de Paris en 1657.JPG|thumb|Lutetia Parisiorum vulgo Paris, Plan de Paris en 1657, [[Jan Janssonius]]]]
Due to the Parisian uprisings during the [[Fronde]] civil war, [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] moved his court to a new palace, [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]], in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the [[Comédie-Française]], the Academy of Painting, and the [[French Academy of Sciences]]. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the [[City walls of Paris|city walls]] demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the ''[[Boulevards of Paris#The grands boulevards|Grands Boulevards]]''.{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=42–43}} Other marks of his reign were the [[Collège des Quatre-Nations]], the [[Place Vendôme]], the [[Place des Victoires]], and [[Les Invalides]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=590–591}}

===18th and 19th centuries===
{{See also|Paris in the 18th century|Paris during the Second Empire|Haussmann's renovation of Paris}}
Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |last1=Durant |first1=Will |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |title=The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon |date=1975 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=3 |access-date=11 February 2016 |isbn=978-0-671-21988-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229054200/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Story_of_Civilization_The_age_of_Nap.html?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> A new boulevard named the [[Champs-Élysées]] extended the city west to [[Place Charles de Gaulle|Étoile]],{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=45–47}} while the working-class neighbourhood of the [[Faubourg Saint-Antoine]] on the eastern side of the city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=129–133}}
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|alt=|thumb|The storming of the [[Bastille]] on 14 July 1789, by [[Jean-Pierre Houël]]]]

[[File:Pantheon 2, Paris May 11, 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Panthéon]], a major landmark on the [[Rive Gauche]], was completed in 1790.]]
Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity, known as the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] and [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert|D'Alembert]] published their ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' in 1751, before the [[Montgolfier Brothers]] launched the first manned flight in a [[hot air balloon]] on 21&nbsp;November 1783. Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, as well the primary European centre for book publishing, fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=120}} On 22 October 1797, Paris was also the site of the first parachute jump in history, by [[André-Jacques Garnerin|Garnerin]].

In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the [[French Revolution]]. On 14&nbsp;July, a mob seized the arsenal at the [[Les Invalides|Invalides]], acquiring thousands of guns, with which it [[Storming of the Bastille|stormed the Bastille]], a principal symbol of royal authority. The first independent [[Paris Commune (1789–1795)|Paris Commune]], or city council, met in the ''Hôtel de Ville'' and elected a [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]], the astronomer [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]], on 15&nbsp;July.{{sfn|Paine|1998|p=453}}

[[Louis XVI]] and the royal family were [[Women's march on Versailles|brought to Paris]] and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned increasingly radical, the king, queen and mayor were beheaded by [[guillotine]] in the [[Reign of Terror]], along with more than 16,000 others throughout France.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=674}} The property of the aristocracy and the church was [[Biens nationaux|nationalised]], and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=144}} A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|9&nbsp;November 1799]] (''coup d'état du 18 brumaire''), when [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] seized power as First Consul.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=147}}

The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000 by 1815.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect that reported directly to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the [[Arc de Triomphe]], and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the [[Canal de l'Ourcq]], [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] and the city's first metal bridge, the [[Pont des Arts]].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}}

[[File:Louis-Emile Durandelle, The Eiffel Tower - State of the Construction, 1888.jpg|thumb|The [[Eiffel Tower]], under construction in November 1888, startled Parisians—and the world—with its modernity.]]
During the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Restoration]], the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the [[July Revolution]] in 1830 (commemorated by the [[July Column]] on the [[Place de la Bastille]]) brought to power a constitutional monarch, [[Louis Philippe I]]. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the [[Provinces of France|provinces]] to the city.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} In 1848, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a [[French Revolution of 1848|popular uprising]] in the streets of Paris. His successor, [[Napoleon III]], alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]], launched a huge public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]].{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}} In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}}

During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the [[Prussian Army]]. Following several months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28&nbsp;January 1871. After seizing power in Paris on 28&nbsp;March, a revolutionary government known as the [[Paris Commune]] held power for two months, before being harshly suppressed by the French army during the "[[Semaine sanglante|Bloody Week]]" at the end of May 1871.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|p=118}}

In the late 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889 Universal Exposition]], which featured the new Eiffel Tower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Universal Exposition]] gave Paris the [[Pont Alexandre III]], the [[Grand Palais]], the {{Lang|fr|[[Petit Palais]]|italic=no}} and the first [[Paris Métro]] line.{{sfn|Fraser|Spalding|2011|p=117}} Paris became the laboratory of [[naturalism (literature)|Naturalism]] ([[Émile Zola]]) and [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] ([[Charles Baudelaire]] and [[Paul Verlaine]]), and of [[Impressionism]] in art ([[Courbet]], [[Manet]], [[Claude Monet|Monet]], [[Renoir]]).{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=490–491}}

===20th and 21st centuries===
{{See also|Paris in the Belle Époque|Paris during the First World War|Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)|Paris in World War II|History of Paris (1946–2000)}}
By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|p=61}} At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world including [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Amedeo Modigliani|Modigliani]], and [[Henri Matisse]] made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of [[Fauvism]], [[Cubism]] and [[abstract art]],{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=497}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118065327/https://books.google.com/books/about/Bohemian_Paris.html?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |url-status=dead |title=Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art |first=Dan |last=Franck |date=1 December 2007 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-8021-9740-5}}</ref> and authors such as [[Marcel Proust]] were exploring new approaches to literature.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=491}}

During the [[First World War]], Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the [[First Battle of the Marne]]. The city was also bombed by [[Zeppelin]]s and shelled by German [[Paris Gun|long-range guns]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=750}} In the years after the war, known as ''[[Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)|Les Années Folles]]'', Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[James Joyce]], [[Josephine Baker]], [[Eva Kotchever]], [[Henry Miller]], [[Anaïs Nin]], [[Sidney Bechet]]<ref>William A. Shack, ''Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars'', University of California Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22537-4}},</ref> and [[Salvador Dalí]].<ref name=Meisler>{{cite web |last1=Meisler |first1=Stanley |title=The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |website=Smithsonian.com |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=12 July 2014 |date=April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518170614/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the years after the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|peace conference]], the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from [[French colonial empire|French colonies]] and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]].<ref>Goebel, [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor ''Anti-Imperial Metropolis''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor |date=4 September 2015 }}.</ref>

[[File:The Liberation of Paris, 25 - 26 August 1944 HU66477.jpg|thumb|General [[Charles de Gaulle]] on the Champs-Élysées celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26 August 1944]]
On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "[[open city]]".{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=217}} On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup|''Vel d'Hiv'']], from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. None of the children came back.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=637}}{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=218}} On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the [[2nd Armored Division (France)|French 2nd Armoured Division]] and the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] of the [[United States Army]]. General [[Charles de Gaulle]] led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris and made a rousing speech from the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=242–243}}

In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the [[Algerian War]] for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to [[Paris massacre of 1961|violent confrontations]] between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. The anti-independence [[Organisation armée secrète]] (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |title=France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on |author=Kim Willsher |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026114936/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=live |date=17 October 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=658}}

In May 1968, protesting students occupied the [[Sorbonne (building)|Sorbonne]] and put up barricades in the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]]. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The [[May 1968 events in France]] resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=226}} In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, [[Jacques Chirac]] became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=260}} The [[Tour Montparnasse|Tour Maine-Montparnasse]], the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and {{cvt|210|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=222}} The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=107–108}} A suburban railway network, the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the [[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]] expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=247}}

Most of the postwar presidents of the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President [[Georges Pompidou]] started the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] (1977), [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] began the [[Musée d'Orsay]] (1986); President [[François Mitterrand]] had the [[Opéra Bastille]] built (1985–1989), the new site of the ''[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]'' (1996), the [[Arche de la Défense]] (1985–1989) in [[La Défense]], as well as the [[Louvre Pyramid]] with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); [[Jacques Chirac]] (2006), the [[Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac|Musée du quai Branly]].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=226–230}}

In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, [[Bertrand Delanoë]] became the first socialist mayor. He was re-elected in March 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Mayors: Bertrand Delanoe – Mayor of Paris |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html |website=www.citymayors.com |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722044933/http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic, he introduced the [[Vélib']], a system which rents bicycles. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the [[Promenade des Berges de la Seine]], which he inaugurated in June 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |title=Les berges de Seine rendues aux Parisiens |journal=Le Moniteur |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=2 December 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220195103/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Marche hommage Charlie hebdo et aux victimes des attentats de janvier 2015 (17).jpg|thumb|Demonstrators at the [[Place de la République]], Paris, 11 January 2015, during the [[Republican marches]] after the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]]]]

In 2007, President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] launched the [[Grand Paris]] project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the [[Grand Paris|Metropolis of Grand Paris]], with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016.<ref name="Lichfield">{{cite news |title=Sarko's €35bn rail plan for a 'Greater Paris' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |date=29 April 2009 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=12 June 2009 |location=London |first=John |last=Lichfield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502102151/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the [[Grand Paris Express]], totalling {{cvt|205|km|mi|abbr=off}} of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and [[TGV|high-speed rail (TGV)]] stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.<ref name=metro>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |title=€26.5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed |date=12 March 2013 |access-date=24 April 2013 |magazine=Railway Gazette International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318205908/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |archive-date=18 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |title=Le Metro du Grand Paris |publisher=Site of Grand Paris Express |language=fr |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020412/http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2015, [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] claimed [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|attacks]] across the Paris region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |title=2015 Charlie Hebdo Attacks Fast Facts |last=Library |first=C.N.N. |website=CNN |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623154608/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |work=Le Monde |date=15 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |title=Attentats terroristes : les questions que vous nous avez le plus posées |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114153341/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |archive-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Republican marches|1.5 million people marched in Paris]] in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |title=Les politiques s'affichent à la marche républicaine |work=Le Figaro |date=11 January 2015 |access-date=11 January 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213532/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November of the same year, [[November 2015 Paris attacks|terrorist attacks]], claimed by ISIL,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State claims Paris attacks that killed 127 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |newspaper=Reuters |date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114014250/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/14/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> killed 130 people and injured more than 350.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Paris attacks death toll rises to 130 |website=[[RTÉ.ie]] |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |language=en |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423123908/https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	
On 22 April 2016, the [[Paris Agreement]] was signed by 196 nations of the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] in an aim to limit the [[effects of climate change]] below 2&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2016|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|archive-date=29 June 2017|access-date=26 June 2023|work=United Nations}}</ref>