Editing Parenting (section)

==Styles==
{{main|Parenting styles}}
A parenting style is indicative of the overall emotional climate in the home.<ref name=Spera>*{{cite journal | last1 = Spera | first1 = C | year = 2005 | title = A review of the relationship among parenting practices, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement | url = https://www.sfu.ca/~jcnesbit/EDUC220/ThinkPaper/Spera2005.pdf | journal = [[Educational Psychology Review]] | volume = 17 | issue = 2| pages = 125–46 | doi=10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1| citeseerx = 10.1.1.596.237 | s2cid = 11050947 }}</ref> [[developmental psychology|Developmental psychologist]] [[Diana Baumrind]] proposed three main parenting styles in early [[child development]]: [[authoritative]], [[authoritarian]], and [[Parenting styles|permissive]].<ref>Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43–88.</ref><ref>Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority" ''Developmental Psychology'' 4 (1, Pt. 2), 1–103.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baumrind | first1 = D. | year = 1978 | title = Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children | journal = Youth & Society | volume = 9 | issue = 3| pages = 238–76 | doi = 10.1177/0044118X7800900302 | s2cid = 140984313 }}</ref><ref>McKay M (2006). [http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/453/ Parenting Practices in Emerging Adulthood: Development of a New Measure]. Thesis, Brigham Young University. Retrieved 9 February 2016.</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2021}} These parenting styles were later expanded to four to include an uninvolved style. These four styles involve combinations of acceptance and responsiveness, and also involve demand and control.<ref name="Santrock">Santrock, J.W. (2007). ''A topical approach to life-span development, third Ed.'' New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref> Research<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/markrubinsocialpsychresearch/social-class-differences-in-mental-health-do-parenting-style-and-friendship-play-a-role|title=Social Class Differences in Mental Health: Do Parenting Style and Friendship Play a Role?|last=Rubin|first=Mark|date=2015|website=Mark Rubin Social Psychology Research|access-date=August 29, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202204512/https://sites.google.com/site/markrubinsocialpsychresearch/social-class-differences-in-mental-health-do-parenting-style-and-friendship-play-a-role |archive-date=2016-02-02}}</ref> has found that parenting style is significantly related to a child's subsequent mental health and well-being. In particular, authoritative parenting is positively related to mental health and satisfaction with life, and authoritarian parenting is negatively related to these variables.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rubin | first1 = M. | last2 = Kelly | first2 = B M. | year = 2015 | title = A cross-sectional investigation of parenting style and friendship as mediators of the relation between social class and mental health in a university community | journal = International Journal for Equity in Health | volume = 14 | issue = 87| pages = 1–11 | doi = 10.1186/s12939-015-0227-2 | pmid = 26438013 | pmc = 4595251 | doi-access = free }}</ref> With authoritarian and permissive parenting on opposite sides of the spectrum, most conventional modern models of parenting fall somewhere in between.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Clyde C. |last2=Mandleco |first2=Barbara |last3=Olsen |first3=Susanne Frost |last4=Hart |first4=Craig H. |date=December 1995 |title=Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive Parenting Practices: Development of a New Measure |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819 |journal=Psychological Reports |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=819–830 |doi=10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819 |s2cid=145062379 |issn=0033-2941}}</ref> Although it is influential, Baumrind's typology has received significant criticism for containing overly broad categorizations and an imprecise and overly idealized description of authoritative parenting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smetana |first=Judith G |date=2017-06-01 |title=Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X16301282 |journal=Current Opinion in Psychology |language=en |volume=15 |pages=19–25 |doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012 |pmid=28813261 |issn=2352-250X}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=Alfie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WiVFGBrhbNMC |title=Unconditional Parenting: Moving from Rewards and Punishments to Love and Reason |date=2006-03-28 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7434-8748-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Catherine C. |date=1981 |title=The effects of parental firm control: A reinterpretation of findings. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.90.3.547 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |language=en |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=547–563 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.90.3.547 |issn=1939-1455}}</ref>
[[File:Children_competition_on_side_wheels_in_the_eighties_in_Czechoslovakia.jpg|thumb|Parents support their kids on their bikes in the eighties in Czechoslovakia.]]

===Authoritative parenting===
Described by Baumrind as the "just right" style, it combines medium level demands on the child and a medium level responsiveness from the parents. Authoritative parents rely on positive reinforcement and infrequent use of punishment. Parents are more aware of a child's feelings and capabilities and support the development of a child's autonomy within reasonable limits. There is a give-and-take atmosphere involved in parent-child communication, and both control and support are balanced. Some research has shown that this style of parenting is more beneficial than the too-hard authoritarian style or the too-soft permissive style.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hedstrom|first=Ellen|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-16101|title=Parenting Style as a Predictor of Internal and External Behavioural Symptoms in Children: The Child's Perspective|date=2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Turel |first1=Ofir |last2=Liu |first2=Peng |last3=Bart |first3=Chris |date=2017-01-31 |title=Board-Level Information Technology Governance Effects on Organizational Performance: The Roles of Strategic Alignment and Authoritarian Governance Style |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2017.1288523 |journal=Information Systems Management |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=117–136 |doi=10.1080/10580530.2017.1288523 |s2cid=39501061 |issn=1058-0530}}</ref> These children score higher in terms of competence, mental health, and social development than those raised in permissive, authoritarian, or neglectful homes.<ref>Joseph M. V., John J. (2008). Global Academic Society Journal: Social Science Insight, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 16-25. ISSN 2029-0365 {{Cite web | url = http://scholararticles.net/impact-of-parenting-styles-on-child-development | title = Impact of Parenting Styles on Child Development}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Armstrong |first1=Kathleen Hague |title=Early Childhood Development Theories |date=2013-05-20 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7807-2_2 |work=Evidence-Based Interventions for Children with Challenging Behavior |pages=21–30 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer New York |isbn=978-1-4614-7806-5 |access-date=2022-03-27 |last2=Ogg |first2=Julia A. |last3=Sundman-Wheat |first3=Ashley N. |last4=Walsh |first4=Audra St. John|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-7807-2_2 }}</ref> However, Dr. Wendy Grolnick has critiqued Baumrind's use of the term "firm control" in her description of authoritative parenting and argued that there should be clear differentiation between coercive power assertion (which is associated with negative effects on children) and the more positive practices of structure and high expectations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grolnick |first=Wendy S. |date=2012 |title=The Relations among Parental Power Assertion, Control, and Structure: Commentary on Baumrind |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26764606 |journal=Human Development |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=57–64 |doi=10.1159/000338533 |jstor=26764606 |s2cid=144535005 |issn=0018-716X}}</ref>

===Authoritarian parenting===
Authoritarian parents are very rigid and strict. High demands are placed on the child, but there is little responsiveness to them. Parents who practice authoritarian-style parenting have a non-negotiable set of rules and expectations strictly enforced and require rigid obedience. When the rules are not followed, punishment is often used to promote and ensure future compliance.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=A. C. |author2=Walls, J.K. |author3=Cook, E.C. |author4=Madison, K.J. |author5=Bridges, T.H. |date=December 2008 |title=Parenting Style as a Moderator of Associations Between Maternal Disciplinary Strategies and Child Well-Being |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/A_Fletcher_Parenting_2008.pdf |journal=Journal of Family Issues |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=1724–44 |doi=10.1177/0192513X08322933 |s2cid=38460545}}</ref> There is usually no explanation of punishment except that the child is in trouble for breaking a rule.<ref name="DOI_10.1177/0192513X08322933" /> This parenting style is strongly associated with [[corporal punishment]], such as [[spanking]]. This type of parenting seems to be seen more often in working-class families than in the middle class.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Friedson|first1=Michael|date=2016-01-01|title=Authoritarian parenting attitudes and social origin: The multigenerational relationship of socioeconomic position to childrearing values|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213415003592|journal=Child Abuse & Neglect|language=en|volume=51|pages=263–275|doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.001|issn=0145-2134|pmid=26585215|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Famlii|date=2015-02-02|title=Parenting Styles and Wealth: Concerted Cultivation by Annette Lareau|url=https://www.famlii.com/parenting-styles-wealth-concerted-cultivation-annette-lareau/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=Famlii|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1983, Diana Baumrind found that children raised in an authoritarian-style home were less cheerful, moodier, and more vulnerable to stress. In many cases, these children also demonstrated passive hostility. This parenting style can negatively impact the educational success and career path, while a firm and reassuring parenting style impact positively.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = The Influence of Parenting Style on Academic Achievement and Career Path| year = 2016| pmc = 4927255| author1 = Zahedani ZZ | author2 = Rezaee R| author3 = Yazdani Z| author4 = Bagheri S| author5 = Nabeiei P| journal = Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism| volume = 4| issue = 3| pages = 130–134| pmid = 27382580}}</ref>

===Permissive parenting===
Permissive parenting has become a more popular parenting method for middle-class families than working-class families roughly since the end of WWII.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lassonde|first=Stephen|date=2017|title=Authority, disciplinary intimacy & parenting in middle-class America|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17405629.2017.1300577|journal=European Journal of Developmental Psychology|volume=14|issue=6|pages=714–732|doi=10.1080/17405629.2017.1300577|s2cid=151783083}}</ref> In these settings, a child's freedom and autonomy are highly valued, and parents rely primarily on reasoning and explanation. Parents are undemanding, and thus there tends to be little if any punishment or explicit rules in this parenting style. These parents say that their children are free from external constraints and tend to be highly responsive to whatever it is that the child wants. Children of permissive parents are generally happy but sometimes show low levels of self-control and self-reliance because they lack structure at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/permissive_parenting_style|title=permissive parenting|website=MSU.EDU|date=19 January 2017 }}</ref> Author [[Alfie Kohn]] criticized the study and categorization of permissive parenting, arguing that it serves to "blur the differences between 'permissive' parents who were really just confused and those who were deliberately democratic."<ref name=":5" />

===Uninvolved parenting===
An uninvolved or neglectful parenting style is when parents are often emotionally or physically absent.<ref name="DOI:10.1080/01494920802010140" /> They have little to no expectations from the child and regularly have no communication. They are not responsive to a child's needs and have little to no behavioral expectations. They may consider their children to be "emotionally priceless" and may not engage with them and believe they are giving the child its personal space.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zelizer |first=Viviana A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1aPkWWtyG4C&pg=PA57 |title=Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children |date=1994-08-28 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-03459-1 |pages=57+ |language=en}}</ref> If present, they may provide what the child needs for survival with little to no engagement.<ref name="DOI:10.1080/01494920802010140" /> There is often a large gap between parents and children with this parenting style.{{vague|date=July 2018}} Children with little or no communication with their own parents tend to be victimized by other children and may exhibit deviant behavior themselves.<ref name="doi_10.1177/1077559509347012" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Finkelhor |first=D. |author2=Ormrod, R. |author3=Turner, H. |author4=Holt, M. |date=November 2009 |title=Pathways to Poly-Victimization |url=http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV181.pdf |journal=Child Maltreatment |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=316–29 |doi=10.1177/1077559509347012 |pmid=19837972 |s2cid=14676857}}</ref> Children of uninvolved parents suffer in [[social competence]], [[academic performance]], [[psychosocial development]], and problematic behavior.

===Intrusive parenting===
Intrusive parenting is when parents use "parental control and inhibition of adolescents' thoughts, feelings, and emotional expression through the use of love withdrawal, guilt induction, and manipulative tactics" for protecting them from the possible pitfalls, without knowing it can deprive/disturb the adolescents' development and growth period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weymouth |first1=Bridget B. |last2=Buehler |first2=Cheryl |date=7 September 2015 |title=Adolescent and Parental Contributions to Parent–Adolescent Hostility Across Early Adolescence |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=713–729|doi=10.1007/s10964-015-0348-3 |pmid=26346035 |pmc=4781678 }}</ref> Intrusive parents may try to set unrealistic expectations on their children by overestimating their intellectual capability and underestimating their physical capability or developmental capability, like enrolling them into more extracurricular activities or enrolling them into certain classes without understanding their child's passion, and it may eventually lead children not taking ownership of activities or develop behavioral problems. Children, especially adolescents might become victims and be "unassertive, avoid confrontation, being eager to please others, and suffer from low self-esteem."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butts |first=Renee |title=Psychological Manipulation |publisher=Salem Press Encyclopedia |year=2022}}</ref> They may compare their children to others, like friends and family, and also force their child to be codependent—to a point where the children feel unprepared when they go into the world. Research has shown that this parenting style can lead to "greater under-eating behaviors, risky cyber behaviors, substance use, and depressive symptoms among adolescents."<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Romm |first1=Katelyn F. |last2=Metzger |first2=Aaron |last3=Alvis |first3=Lauren M. |title=Parental Psychological Control and Adolescent Problematic Outcomes: A Multidimensional Approach |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335762372 |journal=Journal of Child & Family Studies |year=2020 |volume=29 |pages=195–207 |doi=10.1007/s10826-019-01545-y |s2cid=203447544 |via=}}</ref>

===Unconditional parenting===
Unconditional parenting refers to a parenting approach that is focused on the whole child, emphasizes working with a child to solve problems, and views parental love as a gift.<ref name=":5" /> It contrasts with conditional parenting, which focuses on the child's behavior, emphasizes controlling children using rewards and punishments, and views parental love as a privilege to be earned. The concept of unconditional parenting was popularized by author [[Alfie Kohn]] in his 2005 book ''Unconditional Parenting: Moving from Rewards and Punishments to Love and Reason''. Kohn differentiates unconditional parenting from what he sees as the caricature of permissive parenting by arguing that parents can be anti-authoritarian and opposed to exerting control while also recognizing the value of respectful adult guidance and a child's need for non-coercive structure in their lives.

===Trustful parenting===
Trustful parenting is a child-centered parenting style in which parents trust their children to make decisions, play and explore on their own, and learn from their own mistakes. Research professor [[Peter Gray (psychologist)|Peter Gray]] argues that trustful parenting was the dominant parenting style in prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5pVDgAAQBAJ |title=Free to Learn: Why Unleashing the Instinct to Play Will Make Our Children Happier, More Self-Reliant, and Better Students for Life |date=2013-03-05 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-03791-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Peter |date=2009 |title=Why Have Trustful Parenting & Children's Freedom Declined? {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/freedom-learn/200907/why-have-trustful-parenting-children-s-freedom-declined |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Psychology Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Gray contrasts trustful parenting with "directive-domineering" parenting, which emphasizes controlling children to train them in obedience (historically involving using child labor to teach subservience to lords and masters), and "directive-protective" parenting, which involves controlling children to protect them from harm.<ref name=":6" /> Gray argues that the directive-domineering approach became the predominant parenting style with the spread of agriculture and industry, while the directive-protective approach took over as the dominant approach in the late 20th century.

===Material parenting===
Material parenting is a parenting style of parents expressing their love or shaping their child's behavior through materialistic items. An example of materialistic parenting is giving a gift to a child as a reward or taking away a child's possession as punishment. There are two ways of material parenting: through parental warmth and through parental insecurity. A parent can use material rewards either conditionally or unconditionally. Recent research suggests concerns about a child's overconsumption of materialistic things which may lead to reduced self-esteem, martial problems, and financial hardships in adulthood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Richins |first1=Marsha L. |last2=Chaplin |first2=Lan Nguyen |date=2015-04-01 |title=Material Parenting: How the Use of Goods in Parenting Fosters Materialism in the Next Generation |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article/41/6/1333/2379564 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |language=en |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=1333–1357 |doi=10.1086/680087 |issn=1537-5277}}</ref>