Editing Parasports (section)

==Organization and history==
Organized sport for athletes with a [[disability]] is generally divided into three broad disability groups: the [[deaf]], people with [[Physical disability|physical disabilities]], and people with [[intellectual disabilities]]. Each group has a distinct history, organization, competition program, and approach to sport.

===Hearing impairment===
Formal international competition in deaf sport began with the 1924 Paris ''Silent Games'', organized by the [[Comité International des Sports des Sourds]], CISS (The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf). These games evolved into the modern [[Deaflympics]], governed by the CISS, which maintains separate games for deaf athletes based on their numbers, their special communication needs on the sports field, and the social interaction that is a vital part of sports.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=International Committee of Sport for the Deaf
 |url=http://www.deaflympics.com/about/ |accessdate=12 September 2010
}}</ref>

===Intellectual disability===
Sports for persons with intellectual disabilities began to be organized in the 1960s through the [[Special Olympics]] movement. This grew out of a series of summer camps organized by [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]], beginning in 1962. In 1968 the first international Special Olympics were held, in Chicago. Today, Special Olympics provides training and competition in a variety of sports for persons with intellectual disabilities.<ref name="so-history">{{cite web
 |title=The History of Special Olympics
 |url=http://www.specialolympics.org/history.aspx
 |accessdate=September 12, 2010
}}</ref>

In 1986, the [[International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability]] (INAS-FID) was formed to support elite competition for athletes with intellectual disabilities. This was established in contrast to the more participative, "sport for all" approach of Special Olympics. For a time, athletes with intellectual disabilities were included in the Paralympic Games. After [[Cheating at the Paralympic Games#Basketball controversy|a cheating scandal]] at the [[2000 Summer Paralympics]], where a number of athletes participating in intellectual disability events were revealed to not be disabled, INAS-FID athletes were banned from Paralympic competition, but the ban on intellectually disabled athletes has since been lifted.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Archive News
 |url=http://www.inas-fid.org/archivenews.html |publisher=INAS-FID
 |date=21 November 2009 |accessdate=12 September 2010
 |quote=During the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) General Assembly in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the IPC membership today decided in favour of the re-inclusion of athletes with an intellectual disability (ID athletes) in competitions, including the Paralympic Games.
}}</ref>

===Physical disability===
Organized sport for persons with physical disabilities existed as early as 1911, when the "Cripples Olympiad" was held in the U.S.A. One of the successful athletes was Walter William Francis, a Welshman, who won both the running and wrestling championships.<ref>{{cite web|title=Skipper Francis at Thames Star, New Zealand|date= 17 October 1913|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=THS19131017.2.25|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}</ref> Later, events often developed out of rehabilitation programs. Following the [[Second World War]], in response to the needs of large numbers of injured ex-service members and civilians, sport was introduced as a key part of rehabilitation. Sport for rehabilitation grew into recreational sport and then into competitive sport. The pioneer of this approach was Sir [[Ludwig Guttmann]] of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1948, while the [[1948 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] were being held in London, he organized a sports competition for wheelchair athletes at Stoke Mandeville. This was the origin of the [[Stoke Mandeville Games]], from which evolved both the [[IWAS World Games]] and the [[Paralympic Games]]. The first official Paralympic Games, which were simultaneously the 9th International Stoke Mandeville Games ('international' having been added when Dutch service personnel first took part in the Games in 1952), were held in Rome in 1960. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Paralympic Games were simultaneously the 13th, 17th and 21st international Stoke Mandeville Games.

Sports for persons with physical disabilities began to be organized in the US in the late 1960s through [[Disabled Sports USA]]. Disabled Sports USA was established in 1967 by disabled military veterans, including Jim Winthers,<ref>{{cite web|title=Disabled Sports: Early History|url=http://www.disabledsportsusa.org/disabled-sports-early-history/|website=Disabled Sports USA|accessdate=2016-02-01|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205185150/http://www.disabledsportsusa.org/disabled-sports-early-history/|archivedate=2016-02-05}}</ref> to help rehabilitate the injured soldiers returning from Vietnam<ref>Megan Crandall, [http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/newsroom/2011/april/NR_04_12_2011.html "BLM Enters Into Memorandum of Understanding with Disabled Sports USA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127174834/https://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/newsroom/2011/april/NR_04_12_2011.html |date=2017-01-27 }}, ''US Bureau of Land Management Press Release'', December 24, 2011</ref> and originally named the National Amputee Skiers Association.<ref>Chris Durso, [http://www.pcma.org/Convene/Issue-Archives/June-2010/Leading-By-Example.htm "Leading By Example: Kirk Bauer Able-Bodied"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604114307/http://www.pcma.org/Convene/Issue-Archives/June-2010/Leading-By-Example.htm |date=June 4, 2012 }}, ''Convene Magazine'', June, 2010</ref> In 1970, Hal O'Leary founded the [[National Sports Center for the Disabled]] (NSCD) at Winter Park in Colorado. Today, NSCD has 19 certified instructors and more than 1,000 volunteers. Disabled Sports USA has become one of the largest national multi-sport, multi-disability organizations in the United States, serving more than 60,000 wounded warriors, youth and adults annually.<ref>Candus Thomson, [https://www.baltimoresun.com/2010/07/31/disabled-veterans-vow-to-conquer-mount-kilimanjaro/ "Disabled veterans vow to conquer Mount Kilimanjaro"], ''Baltimore Sun'', July 31, 2010</ref>

In 1975, the Paralympic Games expanded to include those with limb amputations and visual impairments. Individuals with [[cerebral palsy]] were allowed to compete beginning in 1980.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cooper|first1=Rory A.|last2=Nowak|first2=Christopher J.|title=Paralympics and veterans|journal=[[Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development]]|date=2011|volume=48|issue=10|pages=xi–xii|doi=10.1682/JRRD.2011.11.0209|pmid=22234671|doi-access=free}}<!--|accessdate=30 January 2016--></ref>

Since 1988, the International Olympic Committee has chosen to validate Disabled Sports (physical disabilities) and incorporate it as a part of the Games: the staging of the Paralympic Games immediately follows the Olympic Games. This scheduling helps to foster greater interest in disabled sports. An investigation published on a Swiss website has shown that more and more International Sports Federations list disabled athletes than any other sportsmen or sportswomen.<ref>{{cite web|author=AB40V |location= Lausanne, Switzerland |url=http://www.wheelchair.ch/fra/sports/sports.html#ioh |title=Le Sport avant tout, avec ou sans handicap – Info Stades, Salle polyvalentes, Fédération Sportives, Clubs, Championnats... tout le Handisport |publisher=Wheelchair.ch |date= |accessdate=2012-09-16}}</ref>

In 2006, the Extremity Games were formed for [[amputee|people with limb loss]] or limb difference to compete in [[extreme sports]]. [[College Park Industries]], a manufacturer of prosthetic feet, organized this event to give amputee athletes a venue to compete in this increasingly popular sports genre also referred to as [[action sports]]. This annual event held in the summer in Orlando, includes competitions in skateboarding, wakeboarding, rock climbing, mountain biking, surfing, moto-x and kayaking. Various organizations, such as Paradox Sports,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paradoxsports.org|title=Paradox Sports - Physical Adaptive Sports|work=Paradox Sports}}</ref> have arisen to help empower and inspire disabled people through equipping and welcoming them into the extreme sports community.

Also in 2006, The Federation de Internationale Powerchair Football Association and The [[United States Power Soccer Association]] were formed to standardize the rules of play and promote one of the few competitive team sports for motorized wheelchair users — [[powerchair football]] (or power soccer).<ref>{{Cite book|title=COMMUNICATION, SPORT AND DISABILITY : the case of power soccer.|last=S.|first=JEFFRESS, DR. MICHAEL|date=2017-01-01|publisher=ROUTLEDGE|isbn=9781138053588|oclc=983162005}}</ref>

In 2007, a group of athletes, coaches, volunteers, and parents based in [[San Diego]] split from [[Special Olympics]] Southern California to gain local control over disabled athletics programs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20070426-9999-7m26special.html |title=Special Olympics members break away |newspaper=The San Diego Union-Tribune |date=2007-04-26 |accessdate=2012-09-16}}</ref> This group – SPORTS for Exceptional Athletes (S4EA) – serves people with developmental disabilities within the age range of 5 years old through adults. By combining people with and without disabilities, S4EA hopes that participating athletes will interact and form lasting bonds of friendship through shared sports and recreational activities in S4EA's served communities. Although the organization's focus is primarily [[San Diego County]], S4EA has grown from this base to satellite programs in [[Ventura, California|Ventura]] and [[Temecula]], California.

Currently, [[Paralympic sports|Paralympic sport]] is governed by the [[International Paralympic Committee]], in conjunction with a wide range of other international sport organizations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paralympic Games|url=http://www.paralympic.org/Paralympic_Games/|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|accessdate=12 September 2010}}</ref>

Today, there are many sport opportunities throughout the United States for injured service members, including cycling, shooting, wheelchair tennis and basketball, track and field, adapted water sports, and snow skiing. The [[Army Wounded Warrior Program]] offers [[sitting volleyball]] to injured service members, and some organizations also offer sport opportunities to family and friends of injured service members in addition to the members themselves.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goff|first1=Mandy|title=Adapted Sport Programs for Veterans with Disabilities|journal=Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance|date=March 2012|volume=83|issue=3|pages=27–28|doi=10.1080/07303084.2012.10598742|s2cid=72401694}}</ref> Two Paralympic-style [[multi-sport event]]s exist exclusively for wounded, injured or sick armed services personnel and veterans: the [[Warrior Games]] in the United States and the [[Invictus Games]] which originated in the United Kingdom.