Editing Panorama (section)

== As popular spectacle ==
In the mid-19th century, [[panoramic painting]]s and models became a very popular way to represent [[landscapes]], topographic views<ref>The USA Library of Congress holds 1,172 images of panoramic maps of American towns and cities [https://www.loc.gov/maps/?fa=subject%3Aunited+states%7Cpartof%3Apanoramic+maps%7Cpartof%3Acities+and+towns&dates=1800-1899&st=gallery] and the British Library has panoramas of UK cities and towns, and of many in its colonies [http://www.bl.uk/search/og/search?q=Panorama&Go.x=0&Go.y=0&Go=Submit&output=xml_no_dtd&filter=0&proxystylesheet=public_onlinegallery&client=public_onlinegallery&site=public_onlinegallery]</ref> and [[historical events]]. Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion, [[Immersion (virtual reality)|immersed]] in a winding 360° panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment. The ''panorama'' was a [[360-degree view|360°]] visual medium patented under the title&nbsp;''Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures'' by the artist [[Robert Barker (painter)|Robert Barker]] in 1787. The earliest that the word "panorama" appeared in print was on June 11, 1791, in the British newspaper ''[[The Morning Chronicle]]'', referring to this visual spectacle.<ref>This reference, the earliest found so far, is suggested by Scott Wilcox in 'Erfindung und Entwicklung des Panoramas in Grossbritannien', ''Sehsucht. Das Panorama als Massenunterhaltung des 19 Jahrhunderts'', edited by Marie-Louise von Plessen, Ulrich Giersch. Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld/Roter Stern, 1993, p. 35 (note 11)</ref> Barker created a painting, shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside, giving viewers a vantage point encompassing the entire circle of the horizon, rendering the original scene with high fidelity. The inaugural exhibition, a "View of Edinburgh" (specifically the view from the summit of [[Calton Hill]]), was first shown in that city in 1788, then transported to London in 1789. By 1793, Barker had built "The Panorama" [[Rotunda (architecture)|rotunda]] at the center of London's entertainment district in [[Leicester Square]], where it remained attracting visitors for 70 years, then closing in 1863,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190508-the-surprising-history-of-the-word-dude|title=The surprising history of the word 'dude'|last=Grovier|first=Kelly|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref> before being converted into the church of [[Notre Dame de France]].
{{wide image|Panorama of London Barker.jpg|600px|A panorama of London by Robert Barker, 1792}}

Inventor Sir [[Francis Ronalds]] developed a machine to remove errors in [[Perspectivity|perspective]] that were created when a sequence of planar sketches was combined into a cylinder. It also projected the cylindrical drawing onto the wall of the rotunda at much larger scale to enable its accurate painting. The apparatus was exhibited at the [[University of Westminster#History|Royal Polytechnic Institution]] in the early 1840s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph|last=Ronalds|first=B.F.|publisher=Imperial College Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-78326-917-4|location=London}}</ref>

Large scale installations enhance the illusion for an audience of being surrounded with a real landscape. The [[Bourbaki Panorama]] in [[Lucerne]], Switzerland was created by [[Edouard Castres]] in 1881.<ref>The Bourbaki Panorama, which shows the plight of the French Troops of General Bourbaki in 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War, is the subject of [[Jeff Wall]]'s 1993 photograph Restoration. Wall constructed a fictitious scene in which actual conservators were posed as if they were in the process of restoring the painting which was not in fact undergoing restoration at the time. ({{Citation | author1=Mieszkowski, Jan | title=Watching war | date=22 August 2012 | publication-date=2012 | publisher=Stanford, California Stanford University Press | isbn=978-0-8047-8240-1 }} p.91)</ref> The painting measures about 10 metres in height with a [[circumference]] of 112 meters.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=evOke2eM_bYC&dq=Bourbaki+Panorama+Lucerne&pg=PA214 Bernard Comment (2004),''Panorama'', Reaktion Books, page 214]</ref> In the same year of 1881, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Seascape|marine]] painter [[Hendrik Willem Mesdag]] created and established the [[Panorama Mesdag]] of [[The Hague]], Netherlands, a cylindrical painting more than 14 metres high and roughly 40 meters in diameter (120 meters in circumference). In the United States of America is the [[Atlanta Cyclorama]], depicting the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] [[Battle of Atlanta]]. It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference (13 × 109 metres).<ref>Marty Olmstead (2002), ''Hidden Georgia'', Ulysses Press, page 204</ref> Also on a gigantic scale, and still extant, is the [[Racławice Panorama]] (1893) located in [[Wrocław]], Poland, which measures 15 × 120 metres.<ref>Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976), ''Kosciuszko and Pulaski'', Interpress, page 220</ref>{{Clear}} In addition to these historical examples, there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times; prominent among these is the [[Velaslavasay Panorama]] in Los Angeles, California (2004).