Editing Palatino (section)

==Palatino family==
===Palatino===
[[File:Palatino old and new.png|thumb|left|Softmaker's digitisation of Palatino, Palazzo Original (right), shows some original features changed in the later digitisations endorsed by Zapf, including a more organic design and detail differences such as a different 'E', 'p', 'q' and 't'.<ref name="Lawson1990" />]]
Palatino itself, as previously noted, has a solid structure, intended to read clearly on poor-quality paper and printing. Zapf's friend Alexander Lawson wrote that "the open counters that make Palatino such a legible letter were provided to overcome a then current printing problem in Germany, poor-quality paper. The weight of the type was also thickened beyond that of a normal roman in order to adapt to the lithographic and gravure printing processes of that period. Zapf has steadily maintained that he did not create Palatino as a book type but rather as a commercial face."<ref name="Lawson1990" /><ref name="Hardwig In memoriam Hermann Zapf, 1918–2015">{{cite web|last1=Hardwig|first1=Florian|title=In memoriam Hermann Zapf, 1918–2015 (German)|url=http://www.myfonts.de/2015/06/zapf/|website=[[MyFonts]]|access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Palatino Swash Initials.jpg|thumb|left|The italic swash capitals of Palatino from an American metal type specimen sheet]]
Due to Palatino's increasing popularity in body text, multiple versions have been released for the changing technologies of handsetting, hot metal typesetting, [[phototypesetting]] and digital font design. Later versions often have regularised details such as a lower 't' and foot serifs on 'p' and 'q'.<ref name="Lawson1990" /> The italic in particular has gone through several redesigns, with the original for hand-set foundry type being distinctly narrow, the version for the Linotype machine distinctly wide to enable duplexing with the roman, and the versions for subsequent photosetting and digital technologies being in between the two extremes. Hutner and Kelly have described Palatino as "distinctly modern... a modern type not copied from any specific early model."<ref name="HutnerKelly2004">{{cite book|author1=Martin Hutner|author2=Jerry Kelly|title=A Century for the Century: Fine Printed Books from 1900 to 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=On2cttWtZ9AC&pg=PR22|year=2004|publisher=David R. Godine Publisher|isbn=978-1-56792-220-2|pages=22–}}</ref>

Palatino's italic in metal type included a set of [[Swash (typography)|swash capitals]]. These have not been found in digitisations, although digitisations of Zapf's Renaissance Antiqua design (discussed below) do include a (slightly different) set.<ref name="Hardwig FIU Swash caps">{{cite web|last1=Hardwig|first1=Florian|title=Letters Home by Sylvia Plath, Harper & Row|url=http://fontsinuse.com/uses/10061/letters-home-by-sylvia-plath-harper-andamp-ro|website=Fonts In Use|date=21 August 2015 |access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref> Later versions alter the descenders on many letters; Zapf originally had to keep these short to fit on the German [[Typeface anatomy|common line]] standard, optimised for blackletter typefaces; later versions escape this restriction.<ref name="Shaw2017">{{cite book|author=Paul Shaw|title=Revival Type: Digital Typefaces Inspired by the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7e0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170|date=18 April 2017|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-21929-6|pages=170–2}}</ref>

===Aldus===
{{Infobox font
| name = Linotype Aldus
| image = AldusSpec7.svg
| style = [[Serif]]
| creationdate = 1954
| creator = [[Hermann Zapf]]
| foundry = [[Mergenthaler Linotype Company|Linotype]]
| trademark = Linotype
| classifications = ''Old style''
}}
[[File:Palatino & Aldus.png|thumb|right|Palatino and Aldus compared in digital versions. The differences are quite subtle.]]
'''Aldus''' is an old-style serif design, popular for use in book printing. Compared to Palatino, released some years earlier, it has a more condensed design lighter in [[Type color|colour]], more graceful and refined and better suited to the high average quality of book printing.<ref name="Lawson1990" /><ref name="AmbroseHarris2005">{{cite book|author1=Gavin Ambrose|author2=Paul Harris|title=Basics Design 03: Typography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQdOoDr2b5cC&pg=PA160|date=1 June 2005|publisher=AVA Publishing|isbn=978-2-940373-35-2|page=160}}</ref> Aldus has a [[Kerning|non-kerning]] [[Roman type|roman]] and [[Italic type|italic]] ''f'', allowing the typographer to avoid [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]]. It appeared in the D. Stempel AG catalog in 1954 and Zapf used it to set his own ''Manuale Typographicum'', a history of letter design.<ref name="Fonts in Use Manuale Typographicum">{{cite web|last1=Purcell|first1=Chris|title=Manuale Typographicum by Hermann Zapf|url=http://fontsinuse.com/uses/9553/manuale-typographicum-by-hermann-zapf|website=Fonts in Use|date=6 June 2015 |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref>

Aldus is named for the Venetian Renaissance printer [[Aldus Manutius]]. The decision annoyed Zapf (who preferred the name "Palatino Book") since it bears little direct resemblance to Aldus's typefaces.<ref name="Lawson1990" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linotype.com/en/30/aldus-family.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104003730/http://www.linotype.com/en/30/aldus-family.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-04|title=Aldus}}</ref>

Like Palatino, an upgraded digitisation, Aldus Nova, has been released by Linotype.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aldus Nova |url=https://www.myfonts.com/collections/aldus-nova-pro-font-linotype |website=MyFonts |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref>

===Michelangelo===
A set of titling capitals, based on [[Roman square capitals]]. The design has a 'U' with a foot serif at bottom right, a 'double-V'-style 'W' with four top terminals and a 'palm Y' similar to that on Palatino, inspired by the Greek letter [[upsilon]].<ref name="Lawson1990" /> It was renamed "Palatino Titling" in the Palatino nova release (see below), since the rights to the name were held by Berthold who also published a digitisation.<ref name="Weichselbaumer2015">{{cite book|first=Nikolaus Julius|last=Weichselbaumer|title=Der Typograph Hermann Zapf: Eine Werkbiographie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9VaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT447|date=14 December 2015|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=978-3-11-041505-6|pages=446–449}}</ref><ref name="Michelangelo BQ">{{cite web|title=Michelangelo BQ|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/berthold/michelangelo-bq/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Berthold|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421004827/https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/berthold/michelangelo-bq/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Sistina===
A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure.<ref name="Lawson1990" /><ref name="Sistina URW++">{{cite web|title=Sistina|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/urw/sistina/`|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308110504/https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/urw/sistina/%60|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 8, 2021|website=MyFonts|publisher=[[URW++]]|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sistina LT">{{cite web|title=Sistina LT|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/sistina-lt/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Linotype|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the [[Roman road]] named [[Via Aurelia]]; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font.<ref name="Linotype page">{{cite web|title=Sistina|url=https://www.linotype.com/56668/sistina-family.html?site=details|website=Linotype|access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref> The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed "Palatino Imperial" and has [[small capitals]] as a lower case.<ref name="Palatino nova" /><ref name="Linotype Palatino nova: PDF specimen">{{cite web|title=Linotype Palatino nova: PDF specimen|url=http://www.signumart.com/p/data/cd-pdf/pdf1_id741_.pdf|website=Signum Art|publisher=Linotype|access-date=8 April 2016|archive-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420100503/http://www.signumart.com/p/data/cd-pdf/pdf1_id741_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Palatino nova issuu">{{cite web|title=Palatino nova|url=https://issuu.com/Linotype/docs/palatino_nova_brochure|website=issuu|date=17 September 2012 |publisher=Linotype|access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been unable to visit before.<ref name="Hermann Zapf obituary Foster">{{cite news|last1=Foster|first1=Charles|title=Hermann Zapf obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jul/01/hermann-zapf|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 2015 |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref> Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in [[Florence]] also inspired the humanist [[sans-serif]] [[Optima]].<ref name="Sumner Stone Typographics Conference">{{cite web|last1=Stone|first1=Sumner|title=Hermann Zapf|url=http://typographics.com/projects/zapf/|publisher=Typographics Conference|access-date=22 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928213844/http://typographics.com/projects/zapf/|archive-date=28 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Fontshop – Hermann Zapf 1918-2015">{{cite web|last1=Siebert|first1=Jürgen|title=Fontshop – Hermann Zapf 1918–2015|url=https://www.fontshop.com/content/hermann-zapf-1918-2015|publisher=Fontshop|access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Standard]|first1=Hermann Zapf. [Transl. by Paul|title=About alphabets : some marginal notes on type design.|date=1970|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=9780262240109|edition=[Rev. ed.]}}</ref>

===Kompakt===
An ultra-bold display type, with a slight slope but roman rather than [[italic type|italic]] letter forms.<ref name="Kompakt">{{cite web|title=Kompakt LT|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/kompakt/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Linotype|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Kompakt Adobe">{{cite web|title=Kompakt|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/adobe/kompakt/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030116094945/http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/adobe/kompakt/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 16, 2003|website=MyFonts|publisher=Adobe|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> Unlike Palatino, it is very unlike the style of [[roman type]] printing used during the Renaissance, which did not use [[bold type]].
===Zapf Renaissance Antiqua (1984–1986)===
Not part of Stempel's metal Palatino family, Zapf Renaissance Antiqua is a separate interpretation by Zapf of the same Renaissance models dating to 1984–1986, initially created for Scangraphic and later digitised and sold by Linotype along with Palatino. Compared to Palatino, Zapf Renaissance Antiqua has greater stroke contrast, which carries through to the sharp serifs and wedge-like punctuation marks, but it also features smoother transitions between thick and thin strokes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bringhurst|first=Robert|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/961937513|title=Palatino : the natural history of a typeface|date=2016|isbn=978-1-56792-572-2|edition=1st trade|location=Boston|pages=173–175|oclc=961937513}}</ref> It is also notable for including a full set of swash letterforms, with as many as five variants of each lowercase letter – something not included on digital versions of Palatino.<ref name="Zapf Renaissance Antiqua LT">{{cite web|title=Zapf Renaissance Antiqua|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/zapf-renaissance-antiqua/|website=MyFonts|publisher=Linotype|access-date=27 March 2016|quote=This version was based on Scangraphic SH version (For Display use) and not on the SB version (for text use).}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> According to Linotype the currently available digitisation is based on the versions prepared by Scangraphic for display use, with tight spacing and striking contrasts in stroke weight. A version marketed under the name “Zapf Renaissance Antiqua SB” contains these same high-contrast letterforms, but with looser spacing for running text. However, some typographers have criticized the poor quality of the spacing in all available digitizations, attributing it to an inaccurate conversion from its original, proprietary digital format into PostScript.<ref name=":0" />