Editing Palatine (section)

==History==

===Ancient Rome: ''palatinus''===
{{main|Palatine Hill}}
[[File:Apex (hat).gif|thumb|Official and ceremonial hat of the [[Salii (priests)|Salii]] and [[Flamen|Flamines]].]]

The members of the Imperial Guard were named after [[Palatine Hill]], the mythical founding place of Rome. On the same hill lived the members of the older of two schools of the ancient [[Salii (priests)|Salii]] brotherhood of God of War [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], which had some symbolism in common with that of the imperial palace.<ref>Frank, R.I., Scholae Palatinae. The Palace Guards of the Later Roman Empire Rome, 1969</ref> Military training schools were the [[scholae]], and the Imperial Guard was called [[Scholae Palatinae]]. It was a personal army that the emperor was allowed to use personally on campaigns.<ref>[[Jochen Bleicken|Bleicken]], [[Werner Dahlheim|Dahlheim]] etc, Roman History, {{ISBN|3-506-73927-1}}</ref>

===Holy Roman Empire: ''comes palatinus''===
{{main|Imperial count palatine}}
From the Middle Ages on, the term palatine was applied to various officials across Europe. The most important of these was the ''comes palatinus'', the [[count palatine]], who in [[Merovingian]] and [[Carolingian]] times (5th through 10th century) was an official of the sovereign's household, in particular of his [[court of law]] in the imperial [[palace]]s (see ''[[kaiserpfalz]]'').<ref>"palatine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite.  Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref> The count palatine was the official representative at proceedings of the court such as [[oath]] takings or judicial sentences and was in charge of the records of those developments. At first he examined cases in the king's court and was authorized to carry out the decisions, in time, these rights extended to having his own judicial rights. In addition to those responsibilities, the count palatine had administrative functions, especially concerning the king's household.

In the 9th century Carolingian rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later the title was resurrected by [[Otto I the Great|Otto I]] though the new empire was now centered on Germany rather than [[France]]. Under the German kings of the [[Saxony|Saxon]] and [[Salian]] dynasties (10th to 12th century), the function of the counts palatine corresponded to those of the ''[[missi dominici]]'' at the Carolingian Court. They had various tasks: representatives of the king in the provinces, they were responsible for the administration of the royal domain and for protecting and guiding the legal system in certain duchies, such as [[Saxony]] and [[Bavaria]], and, in particular, [[Lotharingia]]. Later other palatine rights were absorbed by ducal dynasties, by local families, or, in Italy, by bishops. Increasingly, the count palatine of Lotharingia, whose office had been attached to the royal palace at [[Aachen]] from the 10th century onward, became the ''real successor to the Carolingian count palatine''. From his office grew the Countship Palatine of the Rhine, or simply the [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]], which became a great territorial power from the time of the emperor [[Frederick I (Barbarossa)]] (d. 1190) on. The term ''palatine'' reoccurs under Charles IV, but they had only voluntary jurisdiction and some honorific functions.

===Papal States: ''judices palatini''===
{{main|Palatinus (Roman Catholic Church)}}
In the Middle Ages, the ''[[Palatinus (Roman Catholic Church)|judices palatini]]'' (''[[pope|papal]] palace judges'') were the highest administrative officers of the pope's household.

===Modern era===
In Early Modern Britain, the term ''palatinate'', or [[county palatine]], was also applied to counties of lords who could exercise powers normally reserved to the crown.<ref>Palatine, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Ultimate Reference Suite.  Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref> Likewise, there were palatine provinces among the English colonies in North America: [[Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]], was granted palatine rights in [[Maryland]] in 1632, as were the proprietors of [[the Carolinas]] in 1663.<ref>John Krugler, ''English and Catholic, the Lords Baltimore in the seventeenth century'', Baltimore 2004.</ref> And although with tongue in cheek, legal historian John Phillip Reid once asked if the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] jurisdiction of "[[Rupert's Land]] can be analogized to a county palatine".<ref>JP Reid, "The Layers of Western Legal History", in McLaren, Foster and Ortloff, ''Law for the Elephant, Law for the Beaver'', 1992.</ref> His question is yet to receive serious scholarly attention.

In 19th-century [[Germany]], ''Paladin'' was an official rank and considered an honorary title for a man in the service of his emperor. It was a [[knight]] with additional honors, they were entitled to exercise powers normally reserved to the crown.<ref>Brockhaus, ''ibidem''.</ref> In [[Nazi Germany]], [[Hermann Göring]] was also given the title "Paladin", referring to the tradition of a title that made the bearer second to the monarch.<ref>Stefan Marthens, ''Erster Paladin des Führers und Zweiter Mann im Reich'', Paderborn 1985, {{ISBN|3-506-77474-3}}.</ref><ref>Wolfgang Paul, ''Hermann Goering: Hitler's Paladin or Puppet?'', London 1998, {{ISBN|1-85409-429-7}}.</ref>