Editing Ozone (section)

==History==
[[File:Schönbein.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Christian Friedrich Schönbein]] (18 October 1799 – 29 August 1868)]]
[[File:Smyths revised ozonometer, 1865. (9660571191).jpg|thumb|A prototype ozonometer built by John Smyth in 1865]]
In 1785, Dutch chemist [[Martinus van Marum]] was conducting experiments involving electrical sparking above water when he noticed an unusual smell, which he attributed to the electrical reactions, failing to realize that he had in fact produced ozone.<ref name="colostate"/><ref>{{cite web |title=electrochemical reaction {{!}} Definition, Process, Types, Examples, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |language=en |website=britannica.com |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/electrochemical-reaction |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref>

A half century later, [[Christian Friedrich Schönbein]] noticed the same pungent odour and recognized it as the smell often following a bolt of [[lightning]]. In 1839, he succeeded in isolating the gaseous chemical and named it "ozone", from the Greek word ''{{lang|el|ozein}}'' ({{lang|el|ὄζειν}}) meaning "to smell".<ref name="ozo">{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Mordecai B. |year=2001 |title=The History of Ozone: The Schönbein Period, 1839–1868 |journal=[[Bull. Hist. Chem.]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=40–56 |doi=10.70359/bhc2001v026p040 |url=https://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v26-1/v26-1%20p40-56.pdf |access-date=2025-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411012834/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2001-Rubin.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists born on October 18th |website=Today in Science History |url=https://www.todayinsci.com/10/10_18.htm#Schonbein}}</ref>
For this reason, Schönbein is generally credited with the discovery of ozone.<ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal |last1=Jacewicz |first1=Natalie |title=A Killer of a Cure |journal=Distillations |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=34–37 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-killer-of-a-cure |access-date=April 13, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Le Prestre">{{cite book |editor1-last=Le Prestre |editor1-first=Philippe G. |title=Protecting the ozone layer: lessons, models, and prospects; [product of the Tenth Anniversary Colloquium of the Montreal Protocol, held on September 13, 1997; part of a series of events held in Montreal to mark the 10th anniversary of the signing of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, September 16, 1987] |date=1998 |publisher=Kluwer |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-7923-8245-4 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuesUPcIOq8C&pg=PA2}}</ref><ref name="Letter">{{cite journal |last1=Schönbein |first1=Christian Friedrich |title=Research on the nature of the odour in certain chemical reactions |journal=Letter to the Académie des Sciences in Paris |date=1840}}</ref><ref name="colostate">{{cite web |title=Precursor Era Contributors to Meteorology |work=colostate.edu |last1=Toth |first1=Gary |last2=Hillger |first2=Don |url=https://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/precursor.htm#schonbein}}</ref> He also noted the similarity of ozone smell to the smell of phosphorus, and in 1844 proved that the product of reaction of [[white phosphorus]] with air is identical.<ref name="ozo"/> A subsequent effort to call ozone "electrified oxygen" he ridiculed by proposing to call the ozone from white phosphorus "phosphorized oxygen".<ref name="ozo"/> The [[chemical formula]] for ozone, O<sub>3</sub>, was not determined until 1865 by [[Jacques-Louis Soret]]<ref>{{cite journal
|title=Recherches sur la densité de l'ozone
|author=Jacques-Louis Soret
|journal=[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]]
|volume=61
|page=941
|year=1865
|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3018b/f941.table}}
</ref> and confirmed by Schönbein in 1867.<ref name="ozo"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Ozone FAQ |publisher=Global Change Master Directory |url=http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Resources/FAQs/ozone.html |access-date=2006-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601061532/http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Resources/FAQs/ozone.html |archive-date=2006-06-01}}</ref>

For much of the second half of the 19th century and well into the 20th, ozone was considered a healthy component of the environment by naturalists and health-seekers. [[Beaumont, California]], had as its official slogan "Beaumont: Zone of Ozone", as evidenced on postcards and Chamber of Commerce letterhead.<ref>Redlands Chamber of Commerce Collection, City Archives, A.K. Smiley Public Library, Redlands, CA</ref> Naturalists working outdoors often considered the higher elevations beneficial because of their ozone content which was readily monitored.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ozone. |journal=Hall's Journal of Health |date=March 1879 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=772 |pmid=36488870|pmc=9211524 }}</ref> "There is quite a different atmosphere [at higher elevation] with enough ozone to sustain the necessary energy [to work]", wrote naturalist [[Henry Henshaw]], working in Hawaii.<ref>Henry Henshaw to William Brewster, July 2, 1902, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology Archives.</ref> Seaside air was considered to be healthy because of its believed ozone content. The smell giving rise to this belief is in fact that of [[halogenation|halogenated]] seaweed metabolites<ref name="ashfield">{{cite news |title=The science behind that fresh seaside smell |work=The Telegraph |last=O'Connell |first=Sanjida |date=18 August 2009 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/6044238/The-science-behind-that-fresh-seaside-smell.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/6044238/The-science-behind-that-fresh-seaside-smell.html |archive-date=2022-01-12}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and [[dimethyl sulfide]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of 'bracing' sea air bottled by scientists |date=2 February 2007 |website=telegraph.co.uk |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1541342/Secrets-of-bracing-sea-air-bottled-by-scientists.html |access-date=2022-05-13}}</ref>

Much of ozone's appeal seems to have resulted from its "fresh" smell, which evoked associations with purifying properties. Scientists noted its harmful effects. In 1873 [[James Dewar]] and [[John Gray McKendrick]] documented that frogs grew sluggish, birds gasped for breath, and rabbits' blood showed decreased levels of oxygen after exposure to "ozonized air", which "exercised a destructive action".<ref name="Anstie">{{cite journal |last1=Anstie |first1=Francis |title=Clinic of the Month: Dr. McKendrick on Ozone |journal=The Practitioner: A Journal of Therapeutics and Public Health |date=1874 |volume=12 |issue=January–June |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrsvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA123}}</ref><ref name="Distillations"/> Schönbein himself reported that chest pains, irritation of the [[mucous membranes]], and difficulty breathing occurred as a result of inhaling ozone, and small mammals died.<ref name="Rubin">{{cite journal |last1=Rubin |first1=Mordecai B. |title=The History of Ozone: The Schönbein Period, 1839–1868 |journal=Bulletin for the History of Chemistry |date=2001 |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=48 |doi=10.70359/bhc2001v026p040 |url=https://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v26-1/v26-1%20p40-56.pdf |access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> In 1911, [[Leonard Hill (physiologist)|Leonard Hill]] and [[Martin Flack]] stated in the ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]] B'' that ozone's healthful effects "have, by mere iteration, become part and parcel of common belief; and yet exact physiological evidence in favour of its good effects has been hitherto almost entirely wanting ... The only thoroughly well-ascertained knowledge concerning the physiological effect of ozone, so far attained, is that it causes irritation and œdema of the lungs, and death if inhaled in relatively strong concentration for any time."<ref name="Distillations"/><ref name="Hill">{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=L. |last2=Flack |first2=M. |title=The Physiological Influence of Ozone |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=28 December 1911 |volume=84 |issue=573 |pages=404–415 |bibcode=1911RSPSB..84..404H |doi=10.1098/rspb.1911.0086 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

During [[World War I]], ozone was tested at [[Queen Alexandra Military Hospital]] in London as a possible [[disinfectant]] for wounds. The gas was applied directly to wounds for as long as 15 minutes. This resulted in damage to both bacterial cells and human tissue. Other sanitizing techniques, such as irrigation with [[antiseptics]], were found preferable.<ref name="Distillations"/><ref name="Stoker">{{cite journal |last=Stoker |first=George |title=The Surgical Uses of Ozone |journal=Lancet |volume=188 |issue=4860 |year=1916 |page=712 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)31717-8}}</ref>

Until the 1920s, it was not certain whether small amounts of [[tetraoxygen|oxozone]], {{Chem|O|4}}, were also present in ozone samples due to the difficulty of applying analytical chemistry techniques to the explosive concentrated chemical.<ref name="ozo2">{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Mordecai B. |year=2004 |title=The History of Ozone. IV. The Isolation of Pure Ozone and Determination of its Physical Properties (1) |journal=[[Bull. Hist. Chem.]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=99–106 |doi=10.70359/bhc2004v029p099 |url=https://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v26-1/v26-1%20p40-56.pdf |access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref><ref name="Block-1986">{{citation |last=Block |first=J. H. |title=Georg-Maria Schwab: Early Endeavours in the Science of Catalysis |date=1986 |work=Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VI |pages=1–8 |editor-last=Vanselow |editor-first=R. |series=Springer Series in Surface Sciences |volume=5 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |isbn=978-3-642-82727-3 |editor2-last=Howe |editor2-first=R. |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-82727-3_1}}</ref> In 1923, [[Georg-Maria Schwab]] (working for his doctoral thesis under [[Ernst Hermann Riesenfeld]]) was the first to successfully solidify ozone and perform accurate analysis which conclusively refuted the oxozone hypothesis.<ref name="ozo2"/><ref name="Block-1986"/> Further hitherto unmeasured physical properties of pure concentrated ozone were determined by the Riesenfeld group in the 1920s.<ref name="ozo2"/>