Editing Osman II (section)

==Reign==
[[File:Sultan Osman II Cülus.jpg|thumb|Enthronement of Sultan Osman II|left|234x234px]]Osman II ascended the throne at the age of 14 as the result of a [[coup d'état]] against his uncle [[Mustafa I]] "the Mad" (1617–1618, 1622–1623). Despite his youth, Osman II soon sought to assert himself as a ruler, and after securing the empire's eastern border by signing a peace treaty ([[Treaty of Serav]]) with [[Safavid Persia]], he personally led the Ottoman campaign against [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]] and King [[Sigismund III]] during the [[Moldavian Magnate Wars]],<ref name="auto1">{{Harvnb|Dyer|1861|p=504}}</ref> also having his younger brother Mehmed strangled just before he left Istanbul on campaign.  Forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty with the Poles after the [[Battle of Khotyn (1621)|Battle of Khotyn (Chocim)]] in September–October, 1621, Osman II returned home to [[Constantinople]] in shame, blaming the cowardice of the [[Janissaries]] and the insufficiency of his statesmen for his humiliation.<ref name="auto1"/>

The basic and exceptional weakness from which Osman II suffered was the conspicuous absence of a female power basis in the harem. From 1620 until Osman's death, a governess (''daye hatun'', lit. wet-nurse) was appointed as a stand-in valide, and she could not counterbalance the contriving of [[Mustafa I]]'s mother in the Old Palace. Although he did have a loyal chief black eunuch at his side, this could not compensate for the absence of what in the politics of that period was a winning combination, [[valide sultan]]–chief black eunuch, especially in the case of a young and very ambitious ruler.<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Ottoman Tragedy: History and Historiography at Play|url=https://archive.org/details/ottomantragedyhi00pite|url-access=limited|last=Piterberg|first=Gabriel|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=0-520-23836-2|location=California|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ottomantragedyhi00pite/page/n34 18]}}</ref> According to Piterberg, Osman II did not have [[haseki sultan]], opposite with Peirce who claim that [[Ayşe Sultan (Haseki of Osman II)|Ayşe]] was Osman's haseki. But it is clear that Ayşe was politically insignificant and she couldn't be a valide support for Osman's reign.<ref name="peirce" /><ref name=":0" />[[File:Osman The Young.jpg|thumb|Osman The Young ([[Abdulcelil Levni|Levni]])|200px]]In the autumn of 1620, Özi Beylerbeyi İskender Pasha seized the secret letter sent by [[Prince of Transylvania|Transylvanian Prince]] [[Bethlen Gabor]] to Istanbul and sent it to [[Poland]], and  Osman also became a veteran of the people around him.  He decided to embark on a Polish expedition.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=212}} Continuing preparations for the Polish campaign, neither cold nor famine nor the English ambassador [[John Eyre (died 1639)|John Eyre]] could deter Osman. The ambassador of Sigismund III, the [[King of Poland]], was brought into Istanbul despite the severe colds. The janissaries and army were not willing to go on a campaign, regardless of their conditions.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=213}}