Editing Osijek (section)

==History==
===Origins===
The origins of human habitation in the Osijek area date back to [[Neolithic]] times,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Obelić |first1=Bogomil |last2=Škrivanko |first2=Marija Krznarić |last3=Marijan |first3=Boško |last4=Bronić |first4=Ines Krajcar |year=2004 |title=Radiocarbon dating of Sopot culture sites (Late Neolithic) in eastern Croatia |journal=Radiocarbon |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=245–258 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200039564 |bibcode=2004Radcb..46..245O |url=https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/download/4265/3690 }}</ref> with the first known inhabitants belonging to the [[Illyrians]] and, in the second
half of the fourth century BC, invading [[Celts|Celtic]] tribes, the Scordisci.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dizdar |first=Marko |year=2014 |chapter=Bronze belt from Osijek |editor-last1=Guštin |editor-first1=Mitja |editor-last2=David |editor-first2=Wolfgang |title=The Clash of Cultures? The Celts and the Macedonian World |series=Schriften des kelten römer museums manching 9 |location=Manching |publisher=Kelten Römer Museums |page=189–200, page 189 |isbn=978-3-9812891-8-3 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64645407/2014_Gustin__David_eds._The_Clash_of_Cultures-libre.pdf?1602351158=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DGUSTIN_M_DAVID_W_eds_The_Clash_of_Cultur.pdf&Expires=1722528333&Signature=IdYqSsvRTn3LE7gPN3i-Wmk6k1Q4JtSuiCj5XbjL5VVP8-Ub-R1nkdk-WUp7NTq98n9ptZ8istFAx0Agp7t1ncXOYXioklvSNG0XZAtzWYywJ0zaDJ6NTTXy5tALN1weeQpUW0VETvKpiELhzqddN0~ClZEmODACWKvTX0MC6vUfl9ONE7Ezmc~SmkgqLNDudeq4cCwPUSjTLeR6o5bQ51CmCfYPScLfZxOnAuGawESyVwNXk8CD6Zq76v4un4SKbE3rZP4sDZqTSgPbLy6shyBCrkQ8jTG4SX37uucJJwRcnYXmvr6sZvrHqIkQBJQa2brAmP3lKUZ~nKl57sG~Uw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=183 }}</ref>

After the conquest of [[Pannonia (Roman province)|Pannonia]], Osijek, known at the time as ''Mursa'', was under the administration and protection of the [[Legio VII Gemina|Roman 7th legion]], which maintained a military [[castrum]] at the colony and a bridge over the river [[Drava]]. There is evidence that the [[Roman emperor]] [[Hadrian]] established the settlement from scratch,<ref name="Leleković-2017" /> regardless he raised  Mursa to the status of a [[Roman colony|colony]] with special privileges in 133. After that, Mursa had a turbulent history, with several decisive battles taking place at its immediate proximity, among which the most notable are the battle between [[Aureolus]] and [[Ingenuus]] in 260<ref>260 C.E. is the more generally accepted date, although some sources support the date of 258. See the detailed discussion at {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Leadbetter |first=William |date=24 September 1998 |title=Ingenuus (260 A.D.) |encyclopedia=De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/ingen.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124143657/http://www.roman-emperors.org/ingen.htm |archive-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead }} ''citing, inter alia,'' {{Cite book|last=Drinkwater |first=John |year=1987 |title=The Gallic Empire: Separatism and continuity in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire A.D. 260 - 274 |series=Historia Einzelschriften #52 |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Steiner |pages=104–105 |isbn=3-515-04806-5 }}</ref> and the especially brutal and bloody [[Battle of Mursa Major]] in 351. These battles, especially the latter one, had long-term consequences for the colony and the region, which was already under ever-increasing pressure from the invading [[Goths]] and other invading tribes. After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] and the destruction of local tribes by Avar Kaghanate in sixth century, this area was resettled by Slavic tribes.

The earliest recorded mention of Osijek dates back to 1196.<ref name="Stallaerts2010">{{cite book|last=Stallaerts|first=Robert|title=Historical dictionary of Croatia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSjRbIz4iDkC&pg=PA239|access-date=15 October 2011|date=28 February 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6750-5|page=239}}</ref> The town was a feudal property of Kórógyi family between 1353 and 1472.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Middle Ages |work=City of Osijek: History |publisher=City of Osijek |year=2010 |url=http://www.osijek.hr/en/content/view/full/3373 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008174813/http://www.osijek.hr/en/content/view/full/3373 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the death of the last Kórógyi, King [[Matthias Corvinus]] granted it to the Rozgonyi family. The city was almost completely destroyed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army on 8 August 1526,<ref name="Stallaerts2010" /> just before the [[Battle of Mohács]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Setton |first=Kenneth Meyer |year=1976 |title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571 |location= |publisher=American Philosophical Society |volume=3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA249 249] |isbn=978-0-87169-161-3 }}</ref> It was invested with a Turkish garrison in 1529.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mažuran |first=Ive |year=1958 |title=Turska osvajanja u Slavoniji (1526–1552) |trans-title=Turkish conquests in Slavonia (1526–1552) |language=hr |journal=Osječki zbornik |volume=6 |pages=93–134, pages 114–115 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/449628535/Ive-Ma%C5%BEuran-Turska-Osvajanja-u-Slavoniji }}</ref> The Turks rebuilt it in [[Ottoman architecture|Ottoman oriental style]] and it was mentioned in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] census of 1579.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jelinic |first=Srecko |year=2002 |title=Popis Sandžaka Požega — 1579 |trans-title=Register of Sandzak Pozega from 1579 |language=hr |journal=Pravni Vjesnik |volume=18 |pages=337–338 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/pravnivjsk18&div=15&id=&page= }}</ref> In 1566, [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] built a famous, 8-km-long wooden bridge of boats in Osijek, considered at that time to be one of the wonders of the world.<ref name="DorlingZopp2011">{{cite book|last1=Dorling|first1=Kindersley|last2=Zopp|first2=Leandro|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Croatia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTFWUPUEo7YC&pg=PA189|access-date=15 October 2011|date=6 June 2011|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Ltd|isbn=978-1-4053-6071-5|page=189}}</ref> In Ottoman Empire, Osijek was part of the [[Sanjak of Pojega]], [[Budin Province, Ottoman Empire|Budin Eyalet]], and became a commercial center as an important conduit for East-West trade.<ref name="Özgüven-2010" />

Following the [[Battle of Mohács (1687)|Second Battle of Mohács]] in 1687, Osijek was taken by the Habsburg monarchy on 29 September 1687, after more than 150 years of Ottoman rule.<ref name=Osijek-history>{{cite web|title=Osijek after the Turks |work=City of Osijek: History |publisher=City of Osijek |year=2010 |url=http://www.osijek.hr/en/content/view/full/3374 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008174818/http://www.osijek.hr/en/content/view/full/3374 |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Battle of Osijek in 1685 (Romeyn de Hooghe, 1687).png|thumb|left|Battle of Osijek, fought on 11 August 1685 between the [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor|Imperial Habsburg army]], commanded by James, 2nd Count Leslie, and the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]], resulting in an Habsburg victory]]
[[File:Plan_of_Tvrdja_in_Osijek_1861.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of [[Tvrđa]] in Osijek 1861]]

[[File:Eszek.jpg|thumb|left|Osijek in the late 17th century]]
[[File:Bastion Osijek.jpg|thumb|left|Bastion in [[Tvrđa]]]]
[[File:Magyar Királyság, Eszék látképe, háttérben a Szent Péter és Pál székesegyház. Fortepan 86972.jpg|thumb|left|Osijek 1904]].
[[File:Bombardiranje 1.jpg|thumb|left|Bombing of Osijek 1944]]

===Habsburg Empire===
[[File:Konkatedrala_sv._Petra_i_Pavla_Osijek_1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Osijek Co-cathedral]]]]
[[File:Osijek - Trg Ante Starčevića DSC 0157 999.jpg|thumb|[[Ante Starčević Square]]]]
Osijek was restored to western rule on 29 September 1687, when the Turks were ousted and the city was occupied by the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]].<ref name="Bousfield2003">{{cite book|last=Bousfield|first=Jonathan|title=Rough guide to Croatia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxSnm-mUp40C&pg=PA126|access-date=15 October 2011|date=July 2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-084-8|page=126}}</ref> Between 1712 and 1715, Austrian authorities built a new fortress, outer walls, and all five planned bastions (authored by the architect Maximilian de Gosseau) known as [[Tvrđa]],<ref name="Oliver2005">{{cite book|last=Oliver|first=Jeanne|title=Croatia|url=https://archive.org/details/croatia00jean_0|url-access=registration|access-date=15 October 2011|date=15 March 2005|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-487-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/croatia00jean_0/page/85 85]}}</ref> in the heart of the town. Holy Trinity Square is surrounded on the north by the [[Palace of Slavonian General Command|building of the Military Command]], on the west by the Main Guard building and on the east by the Magistrate building (presently Museum of Slavonia). In the middle of the square, a monument to the plague was erected in 1729 by General Maximilian Petras' widow.<ref name="OlsonOlson2006">{{cite book|last1=Olson|first1=Karen Tormé|last2=Olson|first2=Sanja Bazulic|title=Frommer's Croatia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2v2ECnZpt9oC&pg=PA307|access-date=15 October 2011|date=14 April 2006|publisher=Frommer's|isbn=978-0-7645-9898-2|page=307}}</ref>

The Gornji Grad ("Upper Town") was founded in 1692 and Donji Grad ("Lower Town") followed in 1698 settled mostly by the inhabitants from swampy area of [[Baranya (region)|Baranja]]. Tvrđa, Gornji Grad, and Donji Grad continued as separate municipalities until 1786, when they were united into a single entity.<ref>Osijek-history</ref> In the late 18th century, it took over from [[Virovitica]] as the centre of the [[Virovitica County]]. The Habsburg empire also facilitated the migration and settlement of German immigrants into the town and region during this period.<ref name="Kordic">{{cite book|last=Kordić|first=Snježana|author-link=Snježana Kordić|editor1-last=Andrijašević|editor1-first=Marin|editor2-last=Vrhovac|editor2-first=Yvonne|title=Prožimanje kultura i jezika|publisher=Hrvatsko društvo za primijenjenu lingvistiku|page=89|language=sh|chapter=Germanizmi u osječkom govoru danas|trans-chapter=Germanisms in modern Osijek speech|chapter-url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/447532.GERMANIZMI_U_OSJECKOM_GOVORU.PDF|location=Zagreb|year=1991|oclc=443222199 |s2cid=64774247|ssrn=3434569|id={{CROSBI|447532}}|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref> A particular German city dialect, ''Essekerisch'', formed.<ref>[[Hans Gehl]]: ''Die deutschen Stadtsprachen in Temeswar und Esseg.'' In: Velimir Petrović (Hrsg.): ''Essekerisch: Das Osijeker Deutsch.'' Edition Praesens, Wien 2001, S.&nbsp;127–144.</ref><ref name="Kordic"/>

In 1809, Osijek was granted the title of a [[Free Royal City]], and during the early 19th century, it was the largest city in Croatia.<ref name="DorlingZopp2011a">{{cite book|last1=Dorling|first1=Kindersley|last2=Zopp|first2=Leandro|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Croatia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTFWUPUEo7YC&pg=PA190|access-date=15 October 2011|date=6 June 2011|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Ltd|isbn=978-1-4053-6071-5|page=190}}</ref> The city developed along the lines of other central European cities, with cultural, architectural and socioeconomic influences filtering down from [[Vienna]] and [[Buda]].{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} At the beginning of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]], the town was held by the Hungarians, but on 4 February 1849, it was taken by the Austrians under General [[Baron Trebersberg]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Esseg|volume=9|page=778}}</ref>

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Osijek was the seat of the [[Virovitica County]]<ref name="EB1911"/> of the autonomous territory [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] in [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Croatia-Slavonia |volume=7 |page=471}}</ref>

During the 19th century, cultural life mostly revolved around the theatre, museums (the first museum, [[Museum of Slavonia]], was opened in 1877 by private donations), collections, and printing houses (the [[Franciscans]]).<ref name="Demo1994">{{cite book|last=Demo|first=Željko|title=Ostrogothic coinage from collections in Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia & Herzegovina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3BpAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 October 2011|year=1994|publisher=Narodni Muzej|isbn=9788680651156}}</ref> City society, whose development was accompanied by a prosperous economy and developed trade relations, was related to religious festivals, public events (fairs), entertainment, and sports. The Novi Grad (New Town) section of the city was built in the 19th century, as well as Retfala to the west.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

===Twentieth century===

The newest additions to the city include Sjenjak, Vijenac [[Ivan Meštrović|Ivana Meštrovića]], [[Novi grad, Osijek|Novi Grad]] and [[Jug II]], which were built in the 20th century. The city's geographical riverside location, and noted cultural and historical heritage – particularly the [[baroque]] Tvrđa, one of the most immediately recognizable structures in the region – facilitated the development of tourism. The Osijek oil refinery was a [[Strategic bombing during World War II|strategic bombing]] target of the [[Oil Campaign of World War II]].<ref name="Raiford2004">{{cite book|last=Raiford|first=Neil Hunter|title=Shadow: a Cottontail bomber crew in World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6nuRQp1LzQC&pg=PA181|access-date=15 October 2011|date=October 2004|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1906-7|page=181}}</ref>

After the war, the local German-speaking populace [[Germans of Yugoslavia|was expelled]]. The daily newspaper ''[[Glas Slavonije]]'' was relocated to Osijek and has been printed there ever since. A history archive was established in the city in 1947 and GISKO (city library) in 1949. A [[children's theatre]] and an [[art gallery]] were opened, and the [[volunteer fire department]] DVD "Hrvatska Elektroprivreda" founded, in 1950 (separate from the DVD "Vodovod" founded in 1947).<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |first1=Nikola |last1=Jagodin |first2=Vedran |last2=Runjić |title=Popis vatrogasnih organizacija s datumima osnivanja |url=https://mhv.hr/popis-vatrogasnih-organizacija-s-datumima-osnivanja |website=Muzej hrvatskog vatrogastva |archive-date=2023-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130104803/https://mhv.hr/popis-vatrogasnih-organizacija-s-datumima-osnivanja |language=hr |trans-title=List of Firefighting Organisations with Date of Founding}}</ref> As a continuation of the tradition of promoting national heritage, especially in music, society of culture and art, "[[Pajo Kolarić]]" was established on 21 March 1954.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Osijek has been connected with the Croatian republic's capital [[Zagreb]] and the previous federal capital [[Belgrade]] by a modern paved road since 1958. The new Drava bridge to the north was built in 1962.

The first faculty opened in Osijek was Faculty of Economy (in 1959 as Centre for economic studies of the Faculty of Economy in Zagreb),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efos.hr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=258&Itemid=152|title=Ekonomski fakultet u Osijeku &#124; EFOS – Povijest fakulteta|publisher=Efos.hr|access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> followed immediately by a high school of agriculture, later renamed as Faculty of Agriculture<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pfos.hr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15&Itemid=19|title=Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku|publisher=Pfos.hr|access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> and Faculty of Philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.ffos.hr/?id=4 |title=Filozofski fakultet u Osijeku|publisher=Web.ffos.hr|access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> The Faculty of Law was established in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravos.hr/english/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1|title=Faculty of Law in Osijek – Content|publisher=Pravos.hr|date=26 November 2007|access-date=16 September 2011|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721101754/http://www.pravos.hr/english/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> thus becoming the first new member of newly established [[University of Osijek]].

As part of further development as a regional food industry and agricultural centre, a major (working) collective for agriculture and industry was established in 1962. During the 1980s, a new pedestrian [[suspension bridge]] over the Drava was built. A regional centre of National Television [[Yugoslavian Radio Television|JRT]] was also opened.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

====Croatian War of Independence====
{{main|Battle of Osijek}}
[[File:TrgJug2Osijek.JPG|thumb|left|[[Croatian War of Independence|War of Independence]] memorial]]
[[File:Osijek - panoramio (13).jpg|thumb|right|''Crveni fićo'' installation]]
During the [[Croatian War of Independence|war in Croatia]], from 1991 to 1995, the city sustained damage by [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) and local [[Serbs in Croatia|Serbs]], especially to the centre and [[Osijek Co-cathedral|Co-cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul]]<ref>[http://www.svpetaripavao.hr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=9 Župna crkva Sv. Petra i Pavla Apostola u Osijeku]</ref> and to the periphery. About 800 people were killed in the shelling of the town from August 1991 to June 1992.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jegen| first=Mary Evelyn| title=Sign of Hope: the Center for Peace, Nonviolence and Human Rights in Osijek| publisher=Life & Peace Institute|location=Uppsala, Sweden|year=1996|isbn=978-91-87748-34-9| page=14}}</ref> Overall, a total of 1,724 people from Osijek were killed over the course of the war, including 1,327 soldiers and 397 civilians.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=HRT|url=http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=ispis&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=171136&cHash=b345b2a205|first=Bajto|last=Amoreta|title=Dan osječkih branitelja: "Opća opasnost" večeras|date=28 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130114424/http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=ispis&tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D=171136&cHash=b345b2a205|archive-date=30 November 2013|access-date=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> At least five Croatian officials were condemned for war crimes against Serb civilians in Osijek, including General Branimir Glavaš.<ref>[http://www.seebiz.eu/hr/politika/branimir-glavas-osuden-na-deset-godina-zatvora-(2),44769.html&#93 ''Former war mayor Branimir Glavas is sentenced on 9 years of jail and he is war criminal fugitive now. Osječka Hvidra osudila uhićenje svojih članova'']{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, seebiz.eu; accessed 20 January 2016. {{in lang|hr}}</ref>