Editing Orhan (section)

==Government==
According to some authorities, it was in Alaeddin's time, and by his advice, that the Ottomans ceased acting like vassals to the [[Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm|Seljuk]] ruler: they no longer stamped money with his image or used his name in public prayers. These changes are attributed by others to Osman himself, but the vast majority of the oriental writers concur in attributing to Alaeddin the introduction of laws respecting the costume of the various subjects of the empire, and the creation and funding of a standing army of regular troops. It was by his advice and that of a contemporary Turkish statesman that the celebrated corps of [[Janissaries]] was formed, an institution which European writers erroneously {{citation needed|date=October 2012}} fix at a later date, and ascribe to [[Murad I]].<ref name="KisslingSpuler1997">{{cite book |author1=H. J. Kissling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA6 |title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |author2=Bertold Spuler |author3=N. Barbour |author4=J. S. Trimingham |author5=H. Braun |author6=H. Hartel |date=1 August 1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-02104-4 |page=6}}</ref>

===Janissaries===
{{Main|Janissary}}
Alaeddin, by his military legislation, may be truly said to have organized victory for the Ottoman dynasty. He organised for the Ottoman Beylik a standing army of regularly paid and disciplined infantry and horses, a full century before [[Charles VII of France]] established his fifteen permanent companies of men-at-arms, which are generally regarded as the first modern standing army.<ref>Edward S. Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks. (Beirut: Khayats, 1961), 13</ref>

Orhan's predecessors, [[Ertuğrul]] and [[Osman I]], had made war at the head of the armed vassals and volunteers. This army rode on horseback to their prince's banner when summoned for each expedition, and were disbanded as soon as the campaign was over. Alaeddin determined to ensure any future success by forming a corps of paid infantry, which was to be kept in constant readiness for service. These troops were called [[Yaya (military)|Yaya]], or piyade.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=DeVries |first1=Kelly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdcrsCOB-VcC |title=Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact |last2=Smith |first2=Robert D. |date=2007-04-20 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-85109-526-1 |pages=206 |language=en}}</ref> They were divided into tens, hundreds, and thousands with their commanders. Their pay was high,<ref name="KisslingSpuler1997" /> and their pride soon caused their sovereign some anxiety. Orhan wished to provide a check to them, and he took counsel for this purpose with his brother Alaeddin and [[Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha|Kara Khalil Çandarlı]] (of House of Candar), who was connected with the royal house by marriage. Çandarlı laid before his master and the vizier a project. Out of this arose the renowned corps of Janissaries, which was considered the scourge of the Balkans and Central Europe for a long time, until it was abolished by Sultan [[Mahmud II]] in 1826.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quataert |first=Donald |date=1997 |title=Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720-1829 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/164587 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=403–425 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800064837 |jstor=164587 |issn=0020-7438 |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>

Çandarlı proposed to Orhan to create the [[Janissary]] corps, an army entirely composed of the children of conquered places. Çandarlı argued that:

{{bquote|The conquered are the responsibility of the conqueror, who is the lawful ruler of them, of their lands, of their goods, of their wives, and of their children. We have a right to do, same as what we do with our own; and the treatment which I propose is not only lawful, but benevolent. By enforcing the enrolling them in the ranks of the army, we consult both their temporal and eternal interests, as they will be educated and given better life conditions.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}}}

He also claimed that incorporating children of the conquered would induce other people to enlist: their friends and relations, who would come as volunteers to join the Ottoman ranks. Acting on this advice, Orhan selected a thousand of the finest boys from conquered Christian families. The recruits were trained according to their individual abilities, and employed in posts ranging from professional soldier to [[Grand Vizier]]. This practice continued for centuries, until the reign of Sultan [[Mehmed IV]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}