Editing Organization (section)

==Structures==
[[File:Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union edit.jpg|thumb|[[Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union]], 1862]]
{{Main article|Organizational structure}}
The study of organizations includes a focus on optimising [[organizational structure]]. According to [[management science]], most [[human]] organizations fall roughly into four types:{{fact|date=March 2018}}
* [[Committee]]s or [[jury|juries]]
* [[#Ecologies|Ecologies]]
* [[#Matrix organization|Matrix]] organizations
* [[Pyramid]]s or [[hierarchical organization|hierarchies]]

=== Committees or juries ===
These consist of a group of peers who [[Group decision-making|decide]] as a group, perhaps by voting. The difference between a [[jury]] and a [[committee]] is that the members of the committee are usually assigned to perform or lead further actions after the group comes to a decision, whereas members of a jury come to a decision. In [[common law]] countries, legal juries render decisions of guilt, liability, and quantify damages; juries are also used in athletic contests, book awards, and similar activities. Sometimes a selection committee functions like a jury. In the Middle Ages, juries in continental Europe were used to determine the law according to consensus among local notables.

Committees are often the most reliable way to make decisions. [[Condorcet's jury theorem]] proved that if the average member votes better than a roll of dice, then adding more members increases the number of majorities that can come to a correct vote (however correctness is defined). The problem is that if the average member is subsequently ''worse'' than a roll of dice, the committee's decisions grow worse, not better; therefore, staffing is crucial.

[[Parliament]]ary procedure, such as [[Robert's Rules of Order]], helps prevent committees from engaging in lengthy discussions without reaching decisions.

=== Ecologies ===<!-- This section is linked from Organization -->
This organizational structure promotes internal [[competition]].  Inefficient components of the organization starve, while effective ones get more work. Everybody is paid for what they actually do, and so runs a tiny business that has to show a [[Profit (accounting)|profit]], or they are fired.

Companies that utilize this organization type reflect a rather one-sided view of what goes on in [[ecology]]. It is also the case that a natural [[ecosystem]] has a natural border – [[ecoregion]]s do not, in general, compete with one another in any way, but are very autonomous.

The [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical company]] [[GlaxoSmithKline]] talks about functioning as this type of organization in [https://www.theguardian.com/business/story/0,3604,1294443,00.html this external article] from ''[[The Guardian]]''.
By:Bastian Batac De Leon.

=== Matrix organization ===<!-- This section is linked from Organization -->
{{See also|Matrix management}}
This organizational type assigns each worker two bosses in two different hierarchies. One hierarchy is "functional" and assures that each type of expert in the organization is well-trained, and measured by a boss who is a super-expert in the same field. The other direction is "executive" and tries to get projects completed using the experts. Projects might be organized by products, regions, customer types, or some other schemes.

As an example, a company might have an individual with overall responsibility for products X and Y, and another individual with overall responsibility for engineering, quality control, etc. Therefore, subordinates responsible for quality control of project X will have two reporting lines. The [[United States]] aerospace industries were the first to officially use this organizational structure after it emerged in the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schnetler|first1=Rohann|last2=Steyn|first2=Herman|last3=Van Staden|first3=Paul J.|title=Characteristics of Matrix Structures, and Their Effects on Project Success|date=2015-02-23|url=http://sajie.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1096|journal=The South African Journal of Industrial Engineering|volume=26|issue=1|pages=11|doi=10.7166/26-1-1096|issn=2224-7890|doi-access=free|hdl=2263/49709|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Pyramids or hierarchical ===
A [[hierarchical organization|hierarchy]] exemplifies an arrangement with a [[leadership|leader]] who leads other individual members of the organization. This arrangement is often associated with the basis that there are enough to imagine a real pyramid, if there are not enough stone blocks to hold up the higher ones, gravity would irrevocably bring down the monumental structure.  So one can imagine that if the leader does not have the support of his subordinates, the entire structure will collapse. Hierarchies were [[satire|satirized]] in ''[[Peter principle|The Peter Principle]]'' (1969), a book that introduced ''hierarchiology'' and the saying that "in a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence."