Editing Orange, Vaucluse (section)

==History==
{{see also|Principality of Orange}}
Roman Orange was founded in 35&nbsp;BC by veterans of the [[Legio II Augusta|second legion]]<ref name="office">{{Cite web |last=Office de Tourisme d'Orange |date=2017-10-02 |title=History of Orange |url=https://www.orange-tourisme.fr/en/listing/history-orange |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=City of Orange Tourist Office site |language=en |archive-date=2020-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208122545/http://www.orange-tourisme.fr/en/listing/history-orange |url-status=dead }}</ref> as ''[[Arausio (god)|Arausio]]'' (after the local [[Celts|Celtic]] water god), or ''Colonia Julia Firma Secundanorum Arausio'' in full, "the [[Julian (Rome)|Julian]] colony of Arausio established by the soldiers of the second legion." The name was originally unrelated to that of the [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] fruit, but was later [[Orange (word)|conflated]] with it.

A previous Celtic settlement with that name existed in the same place; a major battle, which is generally known as the [[Battle of Arausio]], had been fought in 105 BC between two [[Roman Republic|Roman]] armies and the [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutones]] tribes.

Arausio covered an area of some {{convert|170|acres|-1|abbr=on|order=flip}} and was well-endowed with civic monuments; in addition to the theatre and arch, it had a monumental temple complex and a [[Forum (Roman)|forum]].

<gallery>
File:table-de-Peutinger-detail.jpg|Orange in the Table Peutinger
File:Cadastre d'Arausio.jpg|Roman [[cadaster]] of Orange
File:TrBogen Orange.jpg|The [[Triumphal Arch of Orange]]
File:Roman Theatre in Orange 2008.jpg|The Roman Theatre in Orange
</gallery>

It was the capital of a wide area of northern [[Provence]], which was parcelled up into lots for the Roman colonists. "Orange of two thousand years ago was a miniature Rome, complete with many of the public buildings that would have been familiar to a citizen  of the Roman Empire, except that the scale of the buildings had been reduced – a smaller theater to accommodate a smaller population, for example."<ref>[[Ina Caro]], "The Road from the Past: Traveling through History in France".</ref> It is found in both the ''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]'' and [[Le cadastre d'Orange]] maps.
 
The town prospered, but was sacked by the [[Visigoths]] in 412. It had, by then, become largely Christianised, and from the end of the third century constituted the [[Ancient Diocese of Orange]]. No longer a residential [[bishopric]], Arausio, as it is called in Latin, is today listed by the [[Catholic Church]] as a [[titular see]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 845</ref> It hosted two important [[synod]]s, in 441 and 529. The [[Second Council of Orange]] was of importance in condemning what later came to be called [[Semipelagianism]].

The sovereign [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian]] [[Prince of Orange|counts of Orange]] had their origin in the eighth century; they passed into the family of the [[lords of Baux]]. From the 12th century, Orange was raised to a minor principality, the [[Principality of Orange]], as a [[fief]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. During this period, the town and the principality of Orange belonged to the administration and province of [[Dauphiné]].

[[File:Colline-Saint-Eutrope 17e.jpg|thumb|left|Artist's impression of 17th century city and its citadel, by G. Trouillet.]]
When [[William the Silent]], count of [[Nassau (duchy)|Nassau]], with estates in the Netherlands, inherited the title Prince of Orange in 1544, the principality was incorporated into the holdings of what became the [[House of Orange-Nassau]]. This pitched it into the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] side in the [[French Wars of Religion|Wars of Religion]], during which the town was badly damaged. In 1568, the [[Eighty Years' War]] began with William as [[stadtholder]] leading the bid for independence from Spain. William the Silent was assassinated in [[Delft]] in 1584. His son, [[Maurice of Nassau]] (Prince of Orange after his elder brother died in 1618), with the help of [[Johan van Oldenbarnevelt]],  solidified the independence of the Dutch republic. The [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] survived to become the Netherlands, which is still ruled by the House of Orange-Nassau. William, Prince of Orange, great grandson of William the Silent, ruled England as [[William III of England|William III]]. Orange gave its name to other Dutch-influenced parts of the world, such as the Oranges ([[West Orange, New Jersey|West Orange]], [[South Orange, New Jersey|South Orange]], [[East Orange, New Jersey|East Orange]], [[Orange, New Jersey|Orange]]) in New Jersey and the [[Orange Free State]] in [[South Africa]].

The city remained part of scattered Nassau holdings until it was repeatedly captured by the forces of [[Louis XIV]] during his wars of the late 17th century. The city was occupied by France in 1673, 1679, 1690, 1697 and 1702–1713 before it was finally ceded to France in 1713 under the [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Treaty of Utrecht]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cru |first=Jacques |title=Histoire des Gorges du Verdon jusqu'à la Révolution |publisher=Edisud |year=2001 |isbn=2-7449-0139-3 |pages=220 |language=fr}} coédition Édisud et Parc naturel régional du Verdon.</ref> Following the [[French Revolution]] in 1789, Orange was absorbed into the French department of [[Drôme]], then [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], then finally [[Vaucluse]]. However, the title remained with the Dutch princes of Orange.

Orange attracted international attention in [[1995 French municipal elections|1995]], when it elected a member of the [[National Rally|National Front]] (FN), [[Jacques Bompard]], as its mayor. Bompard left the FN in 2005 and became a member of the conservative [[Movement for France]] (MPF) until 2010, when he founded the [[League of the South (France)|League of the South]] (LS).

Orange was home to the [[French Foreign Legion]]'s armored <!-- 1er REC or --> [[1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment|First Foreign Cavalry Regiment]] until 11 July 2014,<ref>
{{cite web
| url          = https://www.defense.gouv.fr/terre/armes/larme-blindee-cavalerie/1er-regiment-etranger-cavalerie
| title        = 1er régiment étranger de cavalerie
| last         = 
| first        = 
| date         = 
| website      = www.defense.gouv.fr
| publisher    = 
| access-date  = 
| quote        = }}</ref> when the regiment officially moved to the Camp de Carpiagne in the [[9th arrondissement of Marseille]] in the [[Massif des Calanques]]. On 1 January 2017, together with a number of neighbouring communes, it was transferred from the [[arrondissement of Avignon]] to the [[arrondissement of Carpentras]].<ref name=arrete>{{cite web|url=http://www.prefectures-regions.gouv.fr/provence-alpes-cote-dazur/content/download/28765/197538/file/recueil-r93-2016-119_21%20d%C3%A9cembre%202016.pdf|title=Arrêté préfectoral, 20 December 2016|pages=11–15| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807193506/http://www.prefectures-regions.gouv.fr/provence-alpes-cote-dazur/content/download/28765/197538/file/recueil-r93-2016-119_21%20d%C3%A9cembre%202016.pdf | archive-date = 7 August 2017}}</ref>