Editing One-party state (section)

==''De facto'' one-party states==
{{Expand section|date=November 2024}}
A ''de facto'' one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McLean |first1=Iain |last2=McMillan |first2=Alistair |date=2009 |title=One-Party State |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100250211 |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Oxford Reference |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199207800.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-920780-0 }}</ref> Many different countries have been claimed to be ''de facto'' one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ziemer |first=Klaus |title=The African One-Party State |date=1995 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7 |work=State and Society in Francophone Africa since Independence |pages=97–105 |editor-last=Kirk-Greene |editor-first=Anthony |access-date=2023-08-27 |series=St Antony’s/Macmillan Series |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7 |isbn=978-1-349-23826-2 |editor2-last=Bach |editor2-first=Daniel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitchinson |first=Naomi |date=January 1984 |title=One party rule in Africa |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00358538408453617 |journal=The Round Table |language=en |volume=73 |issue=289 |pages=38–44 |doi=10.1080/00358538408453617 |issn=0035-8533}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schachter |first=Ruth |date=June 1961 |title=Single-Party Systems in West Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400123329/type/journal_article |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=294–307 |doi=10.2307/1952240 |jstor=1952240 |issn=0003-0554}}</ref> Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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!Country
!Party
!Date of
establishment
!Information
|-
|{{Flag|Cambodia}}
|[[Cambodian People's Party]]
|2017
|While Cambodia is constitutionally a [[multi-party system|multi-party]] state,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=pressocm.gov.kh |publisher=Office of the Council of Ministers |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819215247/https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the Cambodian People's Party dominates [[Politics of Cambodia|its political system]], and the party dissolved [[Cambodia National Rescue Party|its main opposition party]] in 2017, making Cambodia a ''de facto'' one-party state.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-11-10 |title=Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Cambodia |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117004609/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Cameroon}}
|[[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]]
|1997
|Although multiparty elections have been held since 1992 and other parties have minimal legislative seats, the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), the ruling party since independence, has always retained control of the [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]]. The Cameroonian political system invests overwhelming power in the hands of the President of the Republic, [[Paul Biya]], and the RDPC exists essentially to support Biya and his policies. The RDPC has held supermajorities in the National Assembly since 2002, and in the [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] since its formation in 2013.
|-
|{{Flag|El Salvador}}
|[[Nuevas Ideas]]
|2024
|While El Salvador has had multiparty elections since the end of [[Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador|military rule]] in 1982, the country has seen significant consolidation of power under [[Nayib Bukele]] and his party, Nuevas Ideas. The party secured a supermajority in the [[Legislative Assembly]] in the [[2021 Salvadoran legislative election]] with 56 seats out of 84, but solidified near-total control over the assembly in the [[2024 Salvadoran legislative election]] with their coalition securing 57 out of 60 seats. <ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-04-15 |title= Bukele landslide shifts El Salvador to one-party state, amplifies democracy fears |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bukele-landslide-shifts-el-salvador-one-party-state-amplifies-democracy-fears-2024-02-05/
|newspaper=Reuters |language=en |access-date=20 April 2025 }}</ref> 
|-
|{{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|[[Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea]]
|2013
|Equatorial Guinea, historically a one party-state under the PDGE from 1987-1992, has one nominal opposition party with the [[Convergence for Social Democracy (Equatorial Guinea)|Convergence for Social Democracy]]. However, the opposition has only held at most 2 seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)|Chamber of Deputies]] since 1999, and had held no seats in neither the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate since [[2013 Equatorial Guinean parliamentary election|2013]]. The PDGE, by comparison, has held all seats in the Senate since 2013 and in the Chamber of Deputies since [[2022 Equatorial Guinean general election|2022]]. 
|-
|{{Flag|Nicaragua}}
|[[Sandinista National Liberation Front]]
|2021
|Although Nicaragua has been practicing multiparty elections since 1990, the country has become a de facto one-party state with Sandinista National Liberation Front as the sole dominating party and was consolidated after the [[2021 Nicaraguan general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-11-10 |title=Under Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua has become a one-party state
 |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/11/10/under-daniel-ortega-nicaragua-has-become-a-one-party-state |newspaper=The Economist |language=en |access-date=23 November 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Nigeria}}
|[[All Progressives Congress]]
|2015
|Although Nigeria is constitutionally a multi-party democracy, the country has increasingly functioned as a de facto one-party state since the All Progressives Congress (APC) assumed power in 2015. The APC has consolidated control over the presidency, National Assembly, and a majority of state governments. In March 2025, President Bola Tinubu declared a state of emergency in Rivers State, suspending the opposition People's Democratic Party (PDP) governor and legislature, a move widely criticized as politically motivated.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-03-18 |title=Nigerian leader suspends the governor of an oil-rich state in rare emergency rule |url=https://apnews.com/article/2c0384cc4ce3432e075c153a33eea144 |newspaper=AP News |language=en |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> The PDP has been further weakened by internal divisions and defections, with some of its governors and leaders publicly endorsing President Tinubu ahead of the 2027 elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-03-17 |title=2027: Wike, others affirm support for Tinubu's 2nd term amid growing opposition |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/2027-wike-others-affirm-support-for-tinubus-2nd-term-amid-growing-opposition/ |newspaper=The Guardian Nigeria |language=en |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> Analysts suggest that the opposition's fragmentation and the APC's dominance indicate a trajectory toward one-party rule in the upcoming 2027 general elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-04-15 |title=George foresees PDP's end if Atiku gets 2027 presidential ticket |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/george-foresees-pdps-end-if-atiku-gets-2027-presidential-ticket/ |newspaper=The Guardian Nigeria |language=en |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Rwanda}}
|[[Rwandan Patriotic Front]]
|1994
|Although Rwanda nominally allows for multiparty elections, they are manipulated in various ways, which include the banning of opposition parties, the arrests or assassinations of critics, and [[electoral fraud]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomson |first1=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state |title=Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace |date=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-23591-3 |page=185 |language=en |author1-link=Susan Thomson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ph.D |first1=Joseph Sebarenzi |last2=Twagiramungu |first2=Noel |date=8 April 2019 |title=Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime |language=en |work=The Conversation |url=https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649 |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-18 |title=NA: "Regime wants to build a one-party political system |url=https://www.eluniversal.com/politica/73521/an-regimen-quiere-construir-un-sistema-politico-unipartidista |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref>
|[[PSUV|United Socialist Party of Venezuela]]
|2017
| Since 2014, the country has been going through a period of crisis of legitimacy and exceptionality due to the order to close the [[National Assembly (Venezuela)#1999 Constitution|National Assembly]] and the convocation of a [[2017 Constituent National Assembly of Venezuela|Constituent Assembly]] by [[Nicolás Maduro]] on May 1, 2017, composed mostly of PSUV politicians. Since then, different laws have been approved to restrict political participation, including informal persecution and the disqualification of certain politicians (including complaints of electoral fraud), concluding in 2024, at which point, because of new laws, the majority of [[Venezuelan opposition|opposition politicians]] have been disqualified and their organizations banned, leaving only a [[controlled opposition]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Itriago Acosta |first=Andreina |date=April 2, 2024 |title='Anti-Fascism' Law to Tighten Crackdown on Venezuelan Opposition |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-02/-anti-fascism-law-to-tighten-crackdown-on-venezuelan-opposition |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Maria Delgado |first=Antonio |date=April 5, 2024 |title=Maduro prepared harsh law to further punish criticism of Venezuela regime |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article287431415.html |access-date=May 9, 2024 |work=[[Miami Herald]]}}</ref>
|}