Editing Ohio (section)

===Indigenous settlement===
[[File:Sunwatch Aerial illustration HRoe 2018 400px.jpg|thumb|left|Artist's conception of the [[Fort Ancient]] [[SunWatch Indian Village]] in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]].]]
Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by [[Nomad|nomadic people]] as early as 13,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9">Knepper (1989), p. 9.</ref> These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9" /> Between 1,000 and 800&nbsp;BC, the sedentary [[Adena culture]] emerged. The Adena established "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including sunflowers, and "grew squash and possibly corn"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages.<ref name="knepper10">Knepper (1989), p. 10.</ref> The most notable remnant of the Adena culture is the [[Great Serpent Mound]], located in [[Adams County, Ohio]].<ref name="knepper10" />

Around 100&nbsp;BC, the Adena evolved into the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] people, who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] can be found in modern-day [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], and [[Circleville, Ohio|Circleville]].<ref name="knepper11">Knepper (1989), p. 11.</ref> They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.<ref>Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.</ref> The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600&nbsp;AD. The [[Mississippian culture]] rose as the Hopewell culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.<ref name="knepper13">Knepper (1989), p. 13.</ref>

There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the [[Fort Ancient]] people, the [[Whittlesey culture|Whittlesey Culture]]<ref name="knepper13" /> and the [[Monongahela Culture]].<ref>"Monongahela culture-AD 1050–1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved January 14, 2010.</ref> All three disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.<ref name="knepper13" /> It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian culture was close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.

[[File:5NationsExpansion.jpg|thumb|left|[[Iroquois]] conquests during the [[Beaver Wars]] (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-[[Ohio River]] valley.]]

Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the [[Iroquois Confederation]], based in central and western New York.<ref name="knepper14">Knepper (1989), p. 14.</ref> After the [[Beaver Wars]] in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of Indigenous people{{dubious|date=January 2019}} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multiethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,{{clarify|reason=no disease has been mentioned yet|date=January 2019}} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the [[fur trade]].<ref name="roseboom20">Roseboom (1967), p. 20.</ref>

Some of the Indigenous nations that historically inhabited Ohio include the Iroquoian,{{efn|[[Petun]], [[Erie people|Erie]], [[Neutral Nation|Chonnonton]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], the [[Mingo|Mingo Seneca]] and the [[Iroquois Confederacy]]}} the Algonquian,{{efn|[[Miami people|Miami]], [[Mascouten]] [[Lenape]] [[Shawnee]] and [[Odawa]]}} and the Siouan.{{efn|[[Mosopelea]]}}<ref>louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref name="knepper14-17">Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.</ref> [[Ohio country]] was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the [[Yellow Creek massacre]] and the [[Gnadenhutten massacre]].<ref name="knepper43-44">Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]], when Natives suffered serious losses such as at [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]], most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |website=ohiohistorycentral.org |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229222444/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |url-status=live }}</ref>