Editing October 19 (section)

===Pre-1600===
*[[202 BC]] &ndash; [[Second Punic War]]: At the [[Battle of Zama]], Roman legions under Scipio Africanus defeat Hannibal Barca, leader of the army defending Carthage.
* [[439]] &ndash; The Vandals, led by King [[Gaiseric]], take Carthage in North Africa.
*[[1386]] &ndash; The [[Heidelberg University|Universität Heidelberg]] holds its first lecture, making it the oldest German university.
*[[1453]] &ndash; [[Hundred Years' War]]: Three months after the [[Battle of Castillon]], England loses its last possessions in southern France.
*[[1466]] &ndash; The [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War]] between Poland and the Teutonic Order ends with the [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)|Second Treaty of Thorn]].
*[[1469]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] marries [[Isabella I of Castile]], a marriage that paves the way to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single country, Spain.
*[[1512]] &ndash; [[Martin Luther]] becomes a doctor of theology.
*[[1579]] &ndash; [[James VI of Scotland]] is celebrated as an adult ruler by a [[Entry of James VI into Edinburgh|festival in Edinburgh]].<ref>Martin Wiggins, Catherine Richardson, ''British Drama 1533–1642: A Catalogue: Volume II: 1567–1589'' (Oxford, 2012), pp. 242–244.</ref>
*[[1596]] &ndash; The Spanish ship ''[[San Felipe incident (1596)|San Felipe]]'' runs aground on the coast of Japan and its cargo is confiscated by local authorities.