Editing Occult (section)

==Occult sciences==
The idea of occult sciences developed in the sixteenth century.{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2006|p=887}} The term usually encompassed three practices{{snd}}astrology, alchemy, and natural magic{{snd}}although sometimes various forms of [[divination]] were also included rather than being subsumed under natural magic.{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2006|p=887}} These were grouped together because, according to the Dutch scholar of [[hermeticism]] [[Wouter Hanegraaff]], "each one of them engaged in a systematic investigation of nature and natural processes, in the context of theoretical frameworks that relied heavily on a belief in occult qualities, virtues or forces."{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2006|p=887}} Although there are areas of overlap between these different occult sciences, they are separate and in some cases practitioners of one would reject the others as being illegitimate.{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2006|p=887}}

During the [[Age of Enlightenment]], occultism increasingly came to be seen as intrinsically incompatible with the concept of science.{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2006|p=887}} From that point on, use of "occult science(s)" implied a conscious [[polemic]] against mainstream science.{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2006|p=887}} Nevertheless, the philosopher and card game historian [[Michael Dummett]], whose analysis of the historical evidence suggested that [[fortune-telling]] and occult interpretations using cards were unknown before the 18th century, said that the term ''occult science'' was not misplaced because "people who believe in the possibility of unveiling the future or of exercising supernormal powers do so because the efficacy of the methods they employ coheres with some systematic conception which they hold of the way the universe functions...however flimsy its empirical basis."{{sfn|Dummett|1980|p=93}}

In his 1871 book ''Primitive Culture'', the anthropologist [[Edward Tylor]] used the term "occult science" as a synonym for [[Magic (supernatural)|magic]].{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2006|p=716}}