Editing Novi Sad (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Novi Sad}}
{{cleanup|section|reason=History section needs summarization, move of intricate information to [[History of Novi Sad]].|date=February 2016}}

=== Older settlements ===
[[File:Casque orné 4ème siècle Musée Novi Sad Colisée Rome Italie.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Roman golden helmet'', [[Museum of Vojvodina]]]]

{{Quote box
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| quote = {{flagicon image| Flag of Hungary (11th c. - 1301).svg}} [[Principality of Hungary]] 895-1000<br />
{{flagicon image| Flag of Hungary (13th century).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Kingdom of Hungary]] 1000–1526<br />
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} 1526–1687<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} [[Habsburg monarchy]] 1694–1804<br />
{{flag|Austrian Empire}} 1804–1867<br />
{{flagicon image| Flag of Hungary (1896-1915; angels).svg}} [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] 1867–1918<br />
{{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}} 1918<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]{{refn|Officially known as the ''Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes'' until 1929}} 1918–1941<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1920–1946).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]] 1941–1944<br />
{{flag|SFR Yugoslavia}}{{refn|Known as ''Democratic Federal Yugoslavia'' until 1945}} 1944–1992<br />
{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}}{{refn|Officially known as the ''Federal Republic of Yugoslavia'' until 2003}} 1992–2006<br />
{{flag|Republic of Serbia}} 2006–
}}

Human habitation in the territory of present-day Novi Sad has been traced as far back as the [[Stone Age]]. Several settlements and [[necropolis]]es dating to 5000 BC were unearthed during the construction of a new boulevard in [[Avijaticarsko Naselje|Avijatičarsko Naselje]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/vojvodina/novi-sad/arheolosko-nalaziste-na-cetvrtoj-trasi-bulevara-evrope_322804.html|title=Arheološko nalazište na četvrtoj trasi Bulevara Evrope|author=Javna medijska ustanova Radio-televizija Vojvodine|work=Radio-televizija Vojvodine|access-date=18 March 2015|language=sr}}</ref> A settlement was also identified on the right bank of the river [[Danube]] in present-day [[Petrovaradin]].

In antiquity, the region was inhabited by [[Celtic tribes]], most notably the [[Scordisci]]. Celts had been present in the area since the 4th century BC and founded the first fortress on the right bank of the Danube. Later, in the 1st century BC, the region was conquered by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. During Roman rule, a larger fortress was built in the 1st century, named ''Cusum'', and included in the [[Roman province]] of [[Pannonia]].

In the 5th century, Cusum was devastated by [[Huns|Hunnic invasions]]. By the end of the century, the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] had rebuilt the town and called it ''Petrikon'' or ''Petrikov'' ({{langx|el|Πέτρικον}}) after [[Saint Peter]]. [[Slavs|Slavic]] tribes such as the [[Severians]], the [[Obotrites]] and the [[Serbs]] (including the subtribes of the [[Braničevci]] and the [[Timočani]]) settled the region around Novi Sad, mainly in the 6th and 7th centuries.<ref name="Sava S 1998, page 36">Sava S. Vujić – Bogdan M. Basarić, ''Severni Srbi (ne)zaboravljeni narod,'' Beograd, 1998, pg. 36<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2013}} The Serbs absorbed the aforementioned Slavic groups as well as the [[Prehistory of Southeastern Europe|Paleo-Balkanic]] peoples of the region.<ref name="Sava S 1998, page 36" />

In the Middle Ages, the area was controlled by the [[Ostrogoths]], [[Gepids]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], [[Franks]], [[West Slavs|West Slavic groups]], again by the Byzantines, and finally by the [[Hungarians]]. It was a part of the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]] from its foundation in 1000 until the Ottoman invasion in the 16th century. Hungarians began to settle in the area, which before that time had been mostly populated by Slavs. The earliest known mention was as the Hungarian variant ''Peturwarad'' or ''Pétervárad'' (Serbian: ''Petrovaradin''/Петроварадин), derived from the Byzantine variant, found in documents from 1237. That year, several other settlements were mentioned as existing in the territory of modern-day urban Novi Sad.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

From the 13th century to the 16th century, the following settlements existed in the urban territory of the modern-day Novi Sad:<ref name=Curcin>Branko Ćurčin, [[Slana Bara]] nekad i sad, Novi Sad, 2002.</ref><ref name="Borovszky">Borovszky Samu: Magyarország vármegyéi és városai, Bács-Bodrog vármegye I.-II. kötet, Apolló Irodalmi és Nyomdai Részvénytársaság, 1909.</ref>
*on the right bank of the Danube: ''Pétervárad'' ({{langx|sr|Petrovaradin}}) and ''Kamanc'' ({{langx|sr|Kamenica}}).
*on the left bank of the Danube: ''Baksa'' or ''Baksafalva'' ({{langx|sr|Bakša, Bakšić}}), ''Kűszentmárton'' ({{langx|sr|Sent Marton}}), ''Bivalyos'' or ''Bivalo'' ({{langx|sr|Bivaljoš, Bivalo}}), ''Vásárosvárad'' or ''Várad'' ({{langx|sr|Vašaroš Varad, Varadinci}}), ''Zajol I'' ({{langx|sr|[[Gornje Livade, Novi Sad|Sajlovo I]], Gornje Sajlovo, Gornje Isailovo}}), ''Zajol II'' ({{langx|sr|[[Sajlovo]] II, Donje Sajlovo, Donje Isailovo}}), ''Bistritz'' ({{langx|sr|[[Bistrica (Novo Naselje)|Bistrica]]}}). Some other settlements existed in the suburbs of Novi Sad: ''Mortályos'' (Serbian: ''Mrtvaljoš''), ''Csenei'' ({{langx|sr|[[Čenej]]}}), ''Keménd'' ({{langx|sr|[[Kamendin, Sirig|Kamendin]]}}), ''Rév'' ({{langx|sr|Rivica}}).{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

An etymology of settlement names reveals that some designations are of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin, which indicates that the areas were initially inhabited by Slavs, particularly the [[West Slavs]]. For example, Bivalo (Bivaljoš) had a large Slavic settlement dating from the 5th–6th centuries.<ref name="Curcin" /> Other names are of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] origin (for example Bélakút, Kűszentmárton, Vásárosvárad, Rév), indicating that the settlements were inhabited by Hungarians before the [[Ottoman invasion]] in the 16th century.<ref name="Borovszky" /> Some settlement names are of uncertain origin.

Tax records from 1522 show a mix of Hungarian and Slavic names among the inhabitants of these villages, including Slavic names like Bozso (Božo), Radovan, Radonya (Radonja), Ivo, etc. Following the Ottoman invasion in the 16th–17th centuries, some of these settlements were destroyed. Most of the surviving Hungarian inhabitants retreated from the area. Some of the settlements persisted under Ottoman rule and were populated by ethnic Serbs.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Between 1526 and 1687, the region was under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule. In 1590, the population of all villages in the territory of present-day Novi Sad numbered 105 houses, inhabited exclusively by Serbs. Ottoman records mention only those who paid taxes, so the number of Serbs who lived in the area (for example, those that served in the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]]) was likely larger than was recorded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Đorđe Randelj|title=Novi Sad slobodan grad|year=1997|language=sr}}</ref>

=== Founding of Novi Sad ===
[[File:Kaiserin Maria Theresia (HRR).jpg|thumb|[[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] prohibited Orthodox Christians to settle in [[Petrovaradin]]. That policy pushed Serbs to form the ''Serb city'' which later became Novi Sad. The city was proclaimed to be a free royal city by [[Maria Theresa]] by 1748.]]

Habsburg rule was aligned with the Roman Catholic doctrine and, as it took over this area near the end of the 17th century, the government prohibited people of [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox faith]] from residing in [[Petrovaradin]]. Unable to build homes there, the Serbs of the area founded a new settlement in 1694 on the left bank of the Danube. They initially called it the 'Serb city' ({{langx|sr|Srpski Grad}}, {{langx|de|[[Rascians|Ratzen]] Stadt}}). Another name used for the settlement was Petrovaradinski Šanac. In 1718, the inhabitants of the village of [[Almaš]] were resettled to Petrovaradinski Šanac, where they founded [[Almaški Kraj]] ('the Almaš quarter').

According to 1720 data, the population of Ratzen Stadt was composed of 112 Serbian, 14 German, and 5 Hungarian houses. The settlement officially gained the present names ''Novi Sad'' and ''Újvidék'' (''Neoplanta'' in Latin) in 1748 when it became a 'free royal city', in German language it was called Neusatz.

The edict that made Novi Sad a 'free royal city' was proclaimed on 1 February 1748. The edict reads:
{{blockquote|' We, [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]], by the grace of God [[Holy Roman Empress]],<br />Queen of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Croatia]], [[Slavonia]], [[Prozor-Rama|Rama]], [[Serbia]], [[Galicia (Central-Eastern Europe)|Galicia]], [[Lodomeria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], [...]<br />cast this proclamation to anyone, whom it might concern... so that the renowned Petrovaradinski Šanac, which lies on the other side of the Danube in the [[Bačka]] province on the [[Sajlovo]] land, by the might of our divine royal power and prestige...make this town a [[Free imperial city|Free Royal City]] and to fortify, accept and acknowledge it as one of the free royal cities of our [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and other territories, by abolishing its previous name of Petrovaradinski Šanac, renaming it Neoplanta ([[Latin]]), Új-Vidégh ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]), Neusatz (German) and Novi Sad ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]) '|sign=|source=}}

In the 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy recruited Germans from the southern principalities of the Holy Roman Empire to relocate to the Danube valley. They wanted both to increase the population and to redevelop the river valley for agriculture, which had declined markedly under the Ottomans. To encourage such settlement, the government ensured that the German communities could practice their religion (mostly Catholicism) and use their original German dialect.

=== Habsburg monarchy ===
[[File:Patrijarh Rajacic blagosilja vojsku.JPG|thumb|left|[[Serb uprising of 1848–49]], Serbian patriarch [[Josif Rajačić]] is giving a blessing to the army of Serbian Vojvodina in 1848.]]
For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, Novi Sad remained the largest city inhabited by Serbs. The reformer of the Serbian language, [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]], wrote in 1817 that Novi Sad was the 'largest Serb municipality in the world'. It was a cultural and political centre for Serbs (see also [[Serbian Revival]]), who did not have their own [[Nation state|national state]] at the time. Due to its cultural and political influence, the city became known as the 'Serbian [[Athens]]' (''Srpska Atina'' in Serbian). According to 1843 data, Novi Sad had 17,332 inhabitants, of whom 9,675 were [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], 5,724 [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], 1,032 [[Protestants]], 727 Jews, and 30 adherents of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian church]]. The largest [[ethnic group]] in the city were Serbs, and the second largest were [[Germans]].
[[File:Petrovaradin Fortress - 1920s.jpg|thumb|right|Novi Sad panoramic view, 1920s]]
[[File:Petrovaradin Podgrađe - 1920s.jpg|thumb|right|[[Petrovaradin]] Podgrađe (Petrovaradin Inner City) and [[Petrovaradin Fortress]], 1920s]]

During the [[Revolutions of 1848|Revolution of 1848–49]], Novi Sad was part of [[Serbian Vojvodina]], a Serbian [[Autonomous area|autonomous region]] within the Austrian Empire. In 1849, the Hungarian garrison, located at the Petrovaradin Fortress, bombarded and devastated the city, which lost much of its population. According to the 1850 census, there were only 7,182 citizens left in the city, compared to 17,332 in 1843. [[Marija Trandafil]] and her husband paid for some of the rebuilding including two churches.<ref name=nreview>{{cite web|title=Национална Ревија - National Review|url=https://www.nacionalnarevija.com/en/tekstovi/Br%2022/07%20Dobrotvori%20-%20Marija%20Trandafil.html|access-date=2021-07-18|website=www.nacionalnarevija.com}}</ref> Between 1849 and 1860, Novi Sad was part of a separate Austrian crownland known as the [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar]]. After the abolishment of this province, the city was included into the [[Bács-Bodrog County|Batsch-Bodrog]] County. The post office was opened in 1853.

Following the [[compromise of 1867]], Novi Sad was located within the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], the ''[[Transleithania]]'', which comprised half of the new [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. During this time, the [[Magyarization]] policy of the Hungarian government drastically altered the demographic structure of the city as the formerly predominantly Serbian population became one with a more mixed character. In 1880, 41.2% of the city's inhabitants used the [[Serbian language]] most frequently and 25.9% employed Hungarian. In the following decades, the percentage of Serbian-speakers decreased, while the number of Hungarian-speakers increased. According to the 1910 census, the city had 33,590 residents, of whom 13,343 (39.72%) spoke Hungarian, 11,594 (34.52%) Serbian, 5,918 (17.62%) German and 1,453 (4.33%) Slovak. It is not certain whether Hungarians or Serbs were the larger ethnic group in the city in 1910, since the various ethnic groups ([[Bunjevci]], [[Romani people|Romani]], Jews, other [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] people, etc.) were classified in census results only according to the language they spoke.<ref>Triva Militar, Novi Sad na raskrsnici minulog i sadanjeg veka, Novi Sad, 2000, p. 320</ref>

Similar demographic changes can be seen in the religious structure: in 1870, the population of Novi Sad included 8,134 Orthodox Christians, 6,684 Catholics, 1,725 Calvinists, 1,343 Lutherans, and others.<ref>Triva Militar, Novi Sad na raskrsnici minulog i sadanjeg veka, Novi Sad, 2000, p. 317</ref> In 1910, the population included 13,383 [[Roman Catholics]] and 11,553 Orthodox Christians, while 3,089 declared themselves as [[Lutheran]], 2,751 as [[Calvinist]], and 2,326 as Jewish.<ref>[http://mek.niif.hu/06700/06758/pdf/revai18_3.pdf Újvidék]. ''Révai nagy lexikona, vol. 18.'' p. 612. Hungarian Electronic Library. (in Hungarian)</ref>

=== Serbia and Yugoslavia ===
[[File:Velika-narodna-skupstina-1918.jpg|thumb|right|Great Assembly of [[Serbs]], [[Bunjevci]], and other Slavs proclaimed the unification of Vojvodina region with the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] in Novi Sad in 1918.]]

On 25 November 1918, the [[Great People's Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs in Banat, Bačka and Baranja|Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs]] of Vojvodina in Novi Sad proclaimed the union of the region of Vojvodina with the [[Kingdom of Serbia]]. From 1 December 1918, Novi Sad was part of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]; and in 1929, it became the capital of the [[Danube Banovina]], a province of the newly named Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1921, the population of Novi Sad numbered 39,122 inhabitants, 16,293 of whom spoke the Serbian language, 12,991 Hungarian, 6,373 German, 1,117 Slovak, etc.<ref>Agneš Ozer, Život i istorija u Novom Sadu, Novi Sad, 2005, p. 15</ref>

In 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by the [[Axis powers]], and its northern parts, including Novi Sad, were annexed by [[Hungary during World War II|Hungary]]. During [[World War II]], about 5,000 citizens were murdered and many others were resettled. During the three days of the [[1942 raid in Novi Sad|Novi Sad raid]] (21–23 January 1942) alone, Hungarian police killed 1,246 citizens, among them more than 800 Jews, and threw their corpses into the icy waters of the Danube.
[[File:Prince Tomislav Bridge in Novi Sad - postcard.jpg|thumb|left|[[Prince Tomislav Bridge]], destroyed on 11 April 1941 by the [[Royal Yugoslav Army|Yugoslav army]] during the Invasion of Yugoslavia. The bridge was replaced by the Marshal [[Tito]] Bridge in 1945 and later Varadin Bridge in 2000.]]

The total death toll of the raid was around 2,500.<ref name=Cesarani>{{cite book|title=Genocide and Rescue: The Holocaust in Hungary 1944|author=David Cesarani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrK8B0VpFBkC&pg=PR7|page=13|publisher=Berg Publishers|isbn=978-1-85973-126-0|year=1997|access-date=4 August 2009}}</ref><ref name=Sajti>{{cite journal|title=The Former 'Southlands' in Serbia: 1918–1947|author=[[Enikő A. Sajti]]|url=http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no181/9.html|volume=XLVII|date=Spring 2006|journal=The Hungarian Quarterly|access-date=4 August 2009|issue=181|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606021020/http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no181/9.html|archive-date=6 June 2009}}</ref> Citizens of all nationalities—Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, and others—fought together against the Axis authorities.<ref name=Sajti /> In 1975 the whole city was awarded the title [[Order of the People's Hero|People's Hero of Yugoslavia]].
[[File:Petrovaradin i žrtve racije.JPG|thumb|right|[[Monument to the victims of the raid in Novi Sad|''"The Family"'']] by [[Jovan Soldatović]], Monument dedicated to the victims of the [[Novi Sad raid]], which took place during the Hungarian occupation in WWII.]]

The [[Yugoslav Partisans]] of [[Syrmia]] and [[Bačka]] entered the city on 23 October 1944. During the military administration of [[Banat, Bačka and Baranja]] (17 October 1944 – 27 January 1945), the Partisans [[1944–1945 killings in Vojvodina|killed tens of thousands]], mostly Serbs, Germans, and Hungarians, who were perceived as opponents to the new regime.<ref>Večernje Novosti, Utorak, 9. Jun 2009, strana 11, mapa masovnih grobnica u Srbiji</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2016}}

Novi Sad became part of the new [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. Since 1945, Novi Sad has been the capital of [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|Vojvodina]], a province of the [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|Republic of Serbia]]. The city went through rapid industrialization and its population more than doubled in the period between World War II and the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s.

After 1992, Novi Sad became a part of the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. Devastated by [[1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO bombardment]] during the [[Kosovo War]] of 1999, [[1999 NATO bombing of Novi Sad|Novi Sad was left]] without any of its three Danube bridges ([[Žeželj Bridge]], [[Varadin Bridge]] and [[Liberty Bridge, Novi Sad|Liberty Bridge]]), communications, water, and electricity. Residential areas were cluster-bombed several times while the [[oil refinery]] was bombarded daily, causing severe pollution and widespread ecological damage. In 2003, FR Yugoslavia was transformed into the [[Political union|state union]] of [[Serbia and Montenegro]]. These two states separated in June 2006 (following the May 2006 [[Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006|Montenegrin independence referendum]]), leaving Novi Sad part of the [[Republic of Serbia]].

On 1 November 2024, the canopy of the [[Novi Sad railway station|main railway station]] in Novi Sad collapsed, [[Novi Sad railway station canopy collapse|killing sixteen people]]. The incident sparked a series of [[2024–2025 Serbian anti-corruption protests|mass protests]] against government corruption.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands protest in Serbia to mark three months since deadly roof collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/1/thousands-protests-in-serbia-to-mark-three-months-since-fatal-roof-collapse |work=Al Jazeera |date=1 February 2025}}</ref>