Editing Novartis (section)

===Ciba-Geigy===
Ciba-Geigy was formed in 1970 by the merger of J. R. Geigy Ltd (founded in Basel in 1857) and CIBA (founded in Basel in 1859).<ref name=":3" />

Ciba began in 1859, when Alexander Clavel (1805–1873) took up the production of [[fuchsine]] in his factory for [[silk]]-dyeing works in Basel. By 1873, he sold his dye factory to the company Bindschedler and Busch. In 1884, Bindschedler and Busch was transformed into a joint-stock company named "{{Lang|de|Gesellschaft für Chemische Industrie Basel|italic=no}}" (Company for Chemical Industry Basel). The [[acronym]], CIBA, was adopted as the company's name in 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novartis AG {{!}} Swiss company |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Novartis-AG |access-date=2020-01-21 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027181457/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Novartis-AG |url-status=live }}</ref>

The foundation for Geigy was established in 1857, when Johann Rudolf Geigy-Merian (1830–1917) and Johann Muller-Pack acquired a site in Basel, where they built a [[dyewood]] mill and a [[dye]] extraction plant. Two years later, they began the production of synthetic fuchsine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=J R Geigy SA &#124; Science Museum Group Collection |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp42177/j-r-geigy-sa |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805170831/https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp42177/j-r-geigy-sa |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1901, they formed the [[public limited company]] Geigy, and the name of the company was changed to J. R. Geigy Ltd in 1914.<ref>{{Cite web |title=J. R. Geigy Soc. An. &#124; Science Museum Group Collection |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap14530/j-r-geigy-soc-an |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805131110/https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap14530/j-r-geigy-soc-an |url-status=live }}</ref>

CIBA and Geigy merged in 1970 to form Ciba‑Geigy Ltd. {{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|iː|b|ə|_|ˈ|g|aɪ|g|i|}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ciba-Geigy AG {{!}} Swiss pharmaceutical company |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ciba-Geigy-AG |access-date=2020-01-21 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010212902/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ciba-Geigy-AG |url-status=live }}</ref>