Editing Nottingham (section)

==History==
===Early History===
{{main|History of Nottingham}}
{{see also|Timeline of Nottingham}}
The early history of Nottingham dates back to 919 A.D. where [[Edward the Elder]] captured Nottingham to which he built a fortress on the southern bank of the river Trent in 921 A.D. During the [[Norman Conquest]] [[William the Conqueror]] built a castle in Nottingham which was entrusted to [[William Peverel]].<ref name="Cornelius Brown 1896">Cornelius Brown, ''A History of Nottinghamshire'' (1896), retrieved on 3 June 2023</ref>

[[image:Caves, Brewhouse Yard, Nottingham - geograph.org.uk - 4053475.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nottingham Caves]]]]

The Anglo-Saxon settlement was originally confined to the area today known as the Lace Market and was surrounded by a substantial defensive ditch and rampart, which fell out of use following the Norman Conquest and was filled by the time of the [[Domesday Book]] (1086).<ref name="Scott C. Lomax 2013 pp. 83">Scott C. Lomax (17 October 2013). Nottingham: The Buried Past of a Historic City Revealed. Pen and Sword. pp. 83–. {{ISBN|978-1-4738-2999-2}}.</ref> 

Following the Norman Conquest the Saxon settlement developed into the English [[Borough]] of Nottingham and housed a Town Hall and Law Courts. A settlement also developed around the castle on the hill opposite and was the French borough supporting the Normans in the castle. Eventually, the space between was built on as the town grew and the [[Old Market Square, Nottingham|Old Market Square]] became the focus of Nottingham several centuries later.<ref name="Scott C. Lomax 2013 pp. 83"/> Defences consisted initially of a ditch and bank in the early 12th century. The ditch was later widened, in the mid-13th century, and a stone wall built around much of the perimeter of the town. A short length of the wall survives, and is visible at the northern end of Maid Marian Way, and is protected as a Scheduled Monument.<ref name="Scott C. Lomax 2013 pp. 83"/>

[[File:Nottingham Castle South Front.jpg|thumb|Nottingham Castle]]

===12th and 13th Centuries===
The [[Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem]] claims to have been built in 1189, although there is no evidence to verify this date. <ref>Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem (2009). Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem – The Legends and History of Britain's Oldest Pub (PDF). Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem</ref>

On the return of [[Richard I of England| Richard the Lionheart]] from the [[Third Crusade|Crusades]] in 1194, the castle was occupied by supporters of [[John, King of England|Prince John]], including the [[Sheriff of Nottingham (position)|Sheriff of Nottingham]]. It was besieged and taken by Richard after a short siege. <ref> Cite Web: https://www.nottinghamcastle.org.uk/the-timeline-of-the-castle/#:~:text=One%20of%20John's%20last%20strongholds,and%20John%20was%20crowned%20king|Nottingham Castle, The Timeline of the Castle,Plantagenet Palace|retrieved on 30 April 2025</ref>

In the legends of [[Robin Hood]], Nottingham Castle is the scene of the final showdown between the Sheriff and the hero outlaw.<ref>{{cite news|title=Robin Hood pardoned by Sheriff of Nottingham |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-25004289 |issue=20 November 2013 |publisher=BBC News |date=10 May 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217070013/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-25004289 |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[John, King of England|King John]] (formerly Prince John) visited Nottingham in 1199 and 1202. Later [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] held a court in Nottingham.<ref name="Cornelius Brown 1896"/>

===14th Century===
[[Edward III of England|Edward III]] took residence at the castle and held parliaments there. In 1346 David II of Scotland was held prisoner there. [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] made improvements to the castle in 1365. In 1392 [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] held the Lord Mayor of London at the castle. <ref> Wylie, William Howie (1853). Old and New Nottingham</ref>

During the Black Death of 1349, it is believed that approximately 60% of Nottingham's population died, but that mass migration helped begin the process of population recovery.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Understanding late medieval population change in English towns: an alternative approach|journal=Continuity and Change|date=2025 |doi=10.1017/S0268416024000213 |last1=Lomax |first1=Scott C. |pages=1–31 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===15th and 16th Centuries===
During the reign of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV’s]] [[Joan of Navarre, Queen of England|Queen Joan]] lived at the castle. And [[Edward IV]] proclaimed himself king at the castle. <ref> Armitage, Jill (2015). Nottingham A History. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 978-1445634982. OCLC 1064131788 </ref>

By the 15th century Nottingham had established itself as a centre of a thriving export trade in religious sculpture made from [[Nottingham alabaster]].<ref>Medieval English Alabaster Carvings in the Castle Museum Nottingham, [[Francis Cheetham]], City of Nottingham art Galleries and Museums Committee, 1973</ref> During the late medieval period Nottingham alabasters were exported as far afield as Iceland, and may be one reason why a small number of Icelandic immigrants lived in Nottingham during the 15th century.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Out of the Land of Ice and Fire: Icelandic Immigrants in the Midlands During the Fifteenth Century|journal=Midland History|date=2023 |doi=10.1080/0047729X.2023.2217231 |last1=Lomax |first1=Scott C. |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=158–175 |s2cid=259773316 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The town became a [[county corporate]] in 1449<ref>A Centenary history of Nottingham. J. V. Beckett</ref> giving it effective self-government, in the words of the charter, "for eternity". The Castle and Shire Hall were expressly excluded and remained as detached Parishes of [[Nottinghamshire]].

[[Henry VIII]] ordered tapestries for the castle. He visited the Castle in 1511. <ref> 
Howard Colvin, History of the King's Works, 3:1 (London: HMSO, 1975), p. 284</ref>

===17th Century===
[[George Fox]] the founder of the [[Quakers]] visited Nottingham and decided to attend [[St Mary's Church, Nottingham|St Mary's Church]] service in 1649. He did not agree with what was being preached and interrupted the service and corrected the preacher. He was later imprisoned. His views converted the Sheriff, which then led to the Quaker forming in Nottingham. <ref> Cite Web: https://southwellchurches.nottingham.ac.uk/nottingham-st-mary/hhistory.php  |Nottingham St Mary|Southwell Churches history project| access date 10 May 2025</ref>

===18th Century===
One of those highly impressed by Nottingham in the late 18th century was the German traveller [[Karl Philipp Moritz|C. P. Moritz]], who wrote in 1782, "Of all the towns I have seen outside London, Nottingham is the loveliest and neatest. Everything had a modern look, and a large space in the centre was hardly less handsome than a London square. A charming footpath leads over the fields to the highway, where a bridge spans the Trent. … Nottingham … with its high houses, red roofs and church steeples, looks excellent from a distance."<ref>Carl Philip Moritz: ''[[Journeys of a German in England in 1782]]'', tr. and ed. Reginald Nettel (New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1965), pp. 176–77.</ref>

===Industrial Revolution=== 
During the [[Industrial Revolution]], much of Nottingham's prosperity was founded on the [[Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution|textile industry]]; in particular, the city became an internationally important centre of [[lace]] manufacture. In 1831 citizens rioted in protest against the [[Duke of Newcastle]]'s opposition to the [[Reform Act 1832]], setting fire to his residence on the site of Nottingham Castle.

[[File:Nottingham Map 1831 by Staveley and Wood.jpg|thumb|Nottingham in 1831]]

In common with the UK textile industry, Nottingham's textile sector fell into decline in the decades following the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=University of Nottingham, Manuscripts and Special Collections |title=Textiles Lace & Hosiery |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/businessrecords/textiles-lace--hosiery.aspx |access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref> Little textile manufacture now takes place in Nottingham; however, many of the former industrial buildings in the Lace Market district have been restored and put to new uses.

Nottingham was one of the boroughs reformed by the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]], and at that time consisted of the parishes of St Mary, St Nicholas and St Peter. It was expanded in 1877 by adding the parishes of [[Basford, Nottingham|Basford]], Brewhouse Yard, [[Bulwell]], [[Radford, Nottingham|Radford]], [[Sneinton]], Standard Hill, and parts of the parishes of [[West Bridgford]], [[Carlton, Nottinghamshire|Carlton]], [[Wilford, Nottinghamshire|Wilford]] (North Wilford). In 1889 Nottingham became a [[county borough]] under the [[Local Government Act 1888]]. City status was awarded as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria, being signified in a letter from the prime minister, the [[Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]] to the mayor, dated 18 June 1897. Nottingham was extended in 1933 by adding [[Bilborough]] and [[Wollaton]], parts of the parishes of Bestwood Park and [[Colwick]], and a recently developed part of the [[Beeston Urban District]]. A further boundary extension was granted in 1951 when Clifton and Wilford (south of the River Trent) were incorporated into the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10001389&c_id=10001043 |title=Relationships / unit history of Nottingham |access-date=22 March 2007 |publisher=A Vision of Britain Through Time |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235913/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10001389&c_id=10001043 |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=localhist>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/nottingham.html |title=A Brief History of Nottingham, England |first=Tim |last=Lambert |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622224124/http://www.localhistories.org/nottingham.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{historical populations
|title = Demographic evolution of Nottingham
|cols = 2 | align = center|percentages=off
|4th century|&lt;37
|10th century|&lt;1,000
|11th century|1,500
|14th century|3,000
|Early 17th century|4,000
|Late 17th century|5,000
}}
{{historical populations
|title = <nowiki />
|cols = 3 | align = center
|1801|29,000
|1811|34,000
|1821|40,000
|1831|51,000
|1841|53,000
|1851|58,000
|1861|76,000
|1871|87,000
|1881|159,000
|1901|240,000
|1911|260,000
|1921|269,000
|1931|265,000
|1951|306,000
|1961|312,000
|1971|301,000
|1981|278,000
|1991|273,000
|2001|275,000
|2011|306,000
|2021|324,000
}}
Electric trams were introduced to the city in 1901; they served the city for 35 years until 1936. Trams were reintroduced after 68 years when [[Nottingham Express Transit|a new network]] opened in 2004.<ref name=localhist/>

In the sporting world, Nottingham is home to the world's oldest professional football club, [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]], which was formed in 1862. The town's other football club, [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]], had a period of success between 1977 and 1993 under manager [[Brian Clough]], winning the [[Football League First Division|First Division]], four [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], a [[UEFA Super Cup]] and two [[European Cup]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/page/History/0,,10308~478455,00.html |title=Nottingham Forest's Managers |publisher=Nottingham Forest F.C. |access-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426174432/http://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/page/History/0%2C%2C10308~478455%2C00.html |archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref> During this time Forest signed [[Trevor Francis]], Britain's first £1&nbsp;million footballer, who joined the club in February 1979 from [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]].<ref>{{cite web |author=R-Unit |url=http://www.onthisfootballday.com/football-history/february-9-the-one-million-pound-man.php |title=February 9 – The One Million Pound Man |publisher=On This Football Day |access-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016011349/http://www.onthisfootballday.com/football-history/february-9-the-one-million-pound-man.php |archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref>

The city was the site of [[St Ann's riots|race riots in 1958]], centred on the [[St Ann's, Nottingham|St Ann's]] neighbourhood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=gah/nottingham-riots-1958 |title=Nottingham Riots (1958) |website=BlackPast.org |date=30 August 2010 |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828043911/http://blackpast.org/?q=gah%2Fnottingham-riots-1958 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the second half of the 20th century Nottingham saw urban growth with the development of new public and private housing estates and new urban centres, which have engulfed former rural villages such as Bilborough, Wollaton, Gedling and Bramcote. South of the river there has also been expansion with new areas such as Edwalton and West Bridgford, adding to Nottingham's [[urban sprawl]]. Although this growth slowed towards the end of the century, the modern pressures for more affordable and council housing is back on the political agenda and there is now pressure on the [[green belt]] which surrounds the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hess |first=John |title=Green Belt is Threatened by Housing Rush Warns Notts MP |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-15358365 |publisher=BBC News |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120234654/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-15358365 |url-status=live}}</ref>