Editing Newfoundland and Labrador (section)

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador}}
Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, situated in the northeastern region of [[North America]].<ref name="Geo">{{cite web|url=http://www.nlimmigration.ca/about-newfoundland-and-labrador/geography-and-climate.aspx|title=Geography and Climate|publisher=Government of Newfoundland and Labrador|access-date=January 10, 2011|archive-date=October 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031113304/http://www.nlimmigration.ca/about-newfoundland-and-labrador/geography-and-climate.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Strait of Belle Isle]] separates the province into two geographical parts: Labrador, connected to mainland Canada, and Newfoundland, an island in the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name="sve">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/landscape.html|title=Landscape (of Newfoundland and Labrador)|last=Bell|first=Trevor|author2=Liverman, David|publisher=Memorial University of Newfoundland|access-date=June 16, 2008|archive-date=March 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315115626/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/landscape.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands.<ref name="atlas">{{cite web|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/islands.html|title=Atlas of Canada: Sea islands|publisher=Natural Resources Canada (Government of Canada)|access-date=June 16, 2008|archive-date=January 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122002132/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/islands.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The highest point of the province is  [[Mount Caubvick]] with the highest point on Newfoundland being [[Cabox]].

Newfoundland has a roughly triangular shape. Each side is about {{cvt|400|km}} long, and its area is {{cvt|108860|km2}}.<ref name="atlas"/> Newfoundland and its neighbouring small islands (excluding French possessions) have an area of {{cvt|111390|km2}}.<ref name="NF gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.nf.ca/aboutnl/area.htm|title=About Newfoundland and Labrador: Land Area|publisher=Government of Newfoundland and Labrador|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003160224/http://www.gov.nf.ca/aboutnl/area.htm |archive-date=October 3, 2006 |access-date=January 30, 2018 }}</ref> Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N.<ref name="abc">{{cite web|url=http://www2.marianopolis.edu/nfldhistory/Newfoundland%20geography.html|title=Newfoundland Geography|last=Bélanger|first=Claude|publisher=Marianopolis College|access-date=June 16, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412042640/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/nfldhistory/Newfoundland%20geography.html|archive-date=April 12, 2007}}</ref><ref name="cde">{{cite web|url=http://www.nlbusiness.ca/aboutnl/location.html|title=Location and Climate|publisher=Government of Newfoundland and Labrador|access-date=June 16, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080415200111/http://www.nlbusiness.ca/aboutnl/location.html |archive-date = April 15, 2008}}</ref>

Labrador is also roughly triangular in shape: the western part of its border with [[Quebec]] is the [[drainage divide]] of the [[Labrador Peninsula]]. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, and the rest belongs to Quebec. Most of Labrador's southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labrador's extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a short border with [[Nunavut]] on [[Killiniq Island]]. Labrador also has a maritime border with [[Greenland]]. Labrador's land area (including associated small islands) is {{cvt|294330|km2}}.<ref name="NF gov"/> Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4.06 per cent of Canada's area,<ref name="atlas area">{{cite web|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/surfareas.html|title=Atlas of Canada: Land and Freshwater Areas|publisher=Natural Resources Canada (Government of Canada)|access-date=June 16, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616053900/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/surfareas.html|archive-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref> with a total area of {{cvt|405720|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Newfoundland and Labrador: Land Area |publisher=Province of Newfoundland and Labrador |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/aboutnl/area.html |access-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-date=January 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200924/https://www.gov.nl.ca/aboutnl/area.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Geology===
{{Main|Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador}}
[[File:NLW Table2 tango7174.jpg|thumb|The [[Long Range Mountains]] on Newfoundland's west coast are the northernmost extension of the [[Appalachian Mountains]].]]
Labrador is the easternmost part of the [[Canadian Shield]], a vast area of ancient [[metamorphic rock]] making up much of northeastern [[North America]]. Colliding [[plate tectonic|tectonic]] plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland. [[Gros Morne National Park]] has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work,<ref name="just">{{cite web|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/pm-wh/rspm-whsr/rapports-reports/r3_e.asp|title=Report on the State of Conservation of Gros Morne National Park|publisher=Parks Canada|access-date=June 16, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050805075101/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/pm-wh/rspm-whsr/rapports-reports/r3_e.asp|archive-date=August 5, 2005}}</ref> and as such has been designated a [[World Heritage Site]]. The [[Long Range Mountains]] on Newfoundland's west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref name="sve"/>

The north-south extent of the province (46°36′N to 60°22′N), prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province.<ref name="tre">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/climate.html|title=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site: Climate|publisher=Memorial University of Newfoundland|access-date=June 16, 2008|archive-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119144357/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/climate.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Climate===
Newfoundland, in broad terms, has a cool summer subtype, with a [[humid continental climate]] attributable to its proximity to water — no part of the island is more than {{cvt|100|km}} from the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Bornstein |first=Stephen |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1223011941 |title=Newfoundland and Labrador : a health system profile |date=2021 |others=John Abbott, Victor Maddalena, Aimee Letto, Melissa Sullivan, Pablo Navarro |isbn=978-1-4875-0840-1 |location=Toronto |oclc=1223011941|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]}}</ref> However, Northern Labrador is classified as a [[Polar region|polar]] [[tundra]] climate, and southern Labrador has a [[subarctic climate]].<ref name="ses">{{cite web |title=Climate Characteristics |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/seasonal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618214933/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/seasonal.html |archive-date=June 18, 2008 |access-date=June 17, 2008 |publisher=Memorial University of Newfoundland}}</ref> Newfoundland and Labrador contain a range of climates and weather patterns, including frequent combinations of high winds, snow, rain, and fog, conditions that regularly made travel by road, air, or ferry challenging or impossible.<ref name=":10"/>
[[File:Newfoundland and Labrador Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Newfoundland and Labrador]]
Monthly average temperatures, rainfall levels, and snowfall levels for four locations are shown in the attached graphs. [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] represents the east coast, [[Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador|Gander]] the interior of the island, [[Corner Brook]] the west coast of the island and [[Wabush, Newfoundland and Labrador|Wabush]] the interior of Labrador. Climate data for 56 places in the province is available from [[Environment Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/stnselect_1981_2010_e.html?lang=e&province=NL&provSubmit=go|title=Station Results – 1981–2010 Climate Normals and Averages|publisher=Environment Canada|access-date=May 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316212407/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/stnselect_1981_2010_e.html?lang=e&province=NL&provSubmit=go|archive-date=March 16, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The data for the graphs is the average over 30 years. Error bars on the temperature graph indicate the range of daytime highs and night time lows. Snowfall is the total amount that fell during the month, not the amount accumulated on the ground. This distinction is particularly important for St. John's, where a heavy snowfall can be followed by rain, so no snow remains on the ground.

Surface water temperatures on the Atlantic side reach a summer average of {{cvt|12|C}} inshore and {{cvt|9|C}} offshore to winter lows of {{cvt|-1|C}} inshore and {{cvt|2|C}} offshore.<ref name="ghi"/> Sea temperatures on the west coast are warmer than Atlantic side by 1–3&nbsp;°C (approximately 2–5&nbsp;°F). The sea keeps winter temperatures slightly higher and summer temperatures a little lower on the coast than inland.<ref name="ghi"/> The maritime climate produces more variable weather, ample precipitation in a variety of forms, greater [[humidity]], lower visibility, more clouds, less sunshine, and higher winds than a continental climate.<ref name="ghi">{{cite web|url=http://atlantic-web1.ns.ec.gc.ca/climatecentre/default.asp?lang=En&n=83846147-1|title=The Climate of Newfoundland|publisher=Environment Canada|access-date=June 17, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080519102701/http://atlantic-web1.ns.ec.gc.ca/climatecentre/default.asp?lang=En&n=83846147-1 |archive-date = May 19, 2008}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Newfoundland and Labrador<ref name="Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971–2000">{{cite web|url=http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/Welcome_e.html|title=National Climate Data and Information Archive|publisher=Environment Canada|access-date=September 2, 2010|archive-date=December 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211013802/http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/Welcome_e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°C)
!July (°F)
!January (°C)
!January (°F)
|-
|[[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] || 20/11 || 68/52 || −1/−9 || 30/16
|-
|[[Grand Falls-Windsor]] || 23/11 || 73/52 || −2/–12 || 27/9
|-
|[[Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador|Gander]] || 21/11 || 71/51 || −3/−12 || 26/11
|-
|[[Corner Brook]] || 22/13 || 71/55 || −3/−10 || 28/15
|-
|[[Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador|Stephenville]] || 20/12 || 68/54 || −2/−9 || 27/15
|-
|[[Fogo Island, Newfoundland and Labrador|Fogo Island]] || 19/10 || 66/50 || −3/–9 || 26/16
|-
|[[Labrador City]] || 19/8 || 66/47 || −16/–27 || 2/–18
|-
|[[Happy Valley-Goose Bay]] || 21/10 || 69/50 || −12/−22 || 9/−8
|-
|[[Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador|Nain]] || 15/5 || 59/41 || −14/−23 || 7/−10
|}