Editing New Zealand English (section)

==Historical development==
From the 1790s, New Zealand was visited by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. Their crews traded European and American goods with the indigenous Māori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/artwork/24312/maori-trading|title=Māori trading-Economic history|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/1080|title=Cross-cultural exchange between Māori and Europeans|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> The first European settlers to New Zealand were mainly from Australia, some of them ex-convicts or escaped convicts. Sailors, explorers and traders from Australia and other parts of Europe also settled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of New Zealand {{!}} Colonization, Maori, Map, Facts, & Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-New-Zealand |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

When in 1788 the [[History of New South Wales#1788: Establishment of the colony|colony of New South Wales was formed]], most of New Zealand was nominally included, but no real legal authority or control was exercised. As a [[dependent territory|non-sovereign nation]], New Zealand remained ungoverned and most European settlers intermarried with and lived among the Māori iwi in harmony. Settlers were greatly outnumbered by Māori and relied on them for security and safety.<ref>Mark Derby, 'Cultural go-betweens – Pākehā–Māori', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/cultural-go-betweens/page-2 (accessed 23 September 2024)</ref> The first official [[missionaries]], who were from England, arrived in New Zealand in 1814, bringing formal education and farming skills as well as Christianity to the communities, many of which by this time had become [[bi-lingual]].<ref>Mark Derby, 'Cultural go-betweens – Missionaries', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/cultural-go-betweens/page-3 (accessed 23 September 2024)</ref>

When the [[New Zealand Company]] announced in 1839 its plans to establish formal colonies in New Zealand, this and the increased commercial interests of merchants in Sydney and London spurred the British to take stronger action to establish British sovereignty over New Zealand. Captain [[William Hobson]] was sent to New Zealand to persuade Māori to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown and on 6 February 1840 Hobson and about forty Māori chiefs (rangatira) signed the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands.<ref name="colenso">{{cite book |title=The Authentic and Genuine History of the Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi |last=Colenso |first=William |author-link=William Colenso |year=1890 |publisher=By Authority of George Didsbury, Government Printer |location=Wellington |url=http://www.waitangi.com/colenso/colhis1.html |access-date=31 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816123405/http://www.waitangi.com/colenso/colhis1.html |archive-date=16 August 2011  }}</ref> 

New Zealand broke its connection with New South Wales and became the [[Colony of New Zealand]] on 1 July 1841.<ref>'New Zealand Becomes a Colony', from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/history-constitutional/page-2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408100226/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/history-constitutional/page-2 |date=8 April 2015 }} (accessed 04 Dec 2022)</ref> From this point there was considerable European settlement, primarily from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, and to a lesser extent the United States, South Africa, and various parts of continental Europe. Some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born. 

After the Treaty of Waitangi, the next few years saw tensions grow over disputed land purchases by settlers as well as some communities refusing to accept British rule. Conflicts escalated into what became the [[New Zealand Wars]] from 1845 to 1872.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-wars/page-6 |title=New Zealand wars |encyclopedia=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref> The colonial government summoned thousands of British troops from Britain and Australia, as well as locally recruited pro-British [[militia]] forces, to mount major campaigns to overpower the Māori and Māori-allied [[Separatism|separatist movement]]s, eventually resulting in the defeat of the rebel forces.<ref name="King 1977, p. 26">{{cite book |last=King |first=Michael |author-link=Michael King (historian) |year=1977 |title=Te Puea: A Biography |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton  |location=Auckland |page=26 |isbn=0-340-22482-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dalton |first=B.J. |title=War and Politics in New Zealand 1855–1870 |publisher=Sydney University Press  |year=1967 |location=Sydney |page=179}}</ref><ref name="Belich 1986x, pp=204–205">{{cite book |first=James |last=Belich |year=1986x |title=The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict |edition=1st |publisher=Penguin |location=Auckland|pages=204–205 |isbn=0-14-011162-X}}</ref>

Despite the wars, gold discoveries in Otago (1861) and Westland (1865) caused a worldwide gold rush that more than doubled the New Zealand population from 71,000 in 1859 to 164,000 in 1863. Between 1864 and 1865, under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863, 13 ships carrying citizens of England, Scotland, Ireland and South Africa arrived in New Zealand under the Waikato Immigration Scheme.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~jess/scrapbook/genealogy/waikato.html |title=Waikato Immigration: The Scheme |access-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012031342/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/%7Ejess/scrapbook/genealogy/waikato.html |archive-date=12 October 2011 }}</ref> According to census data from 1871, around half the early settlers were English, a quarter Scots, a quarter Irish and 5%  Australian.<ref name=explained>{{cite news |last=Lynch |first=Keith |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/125209768/the-new-zealand-accent-explained|title=The New Zealand accent explained|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=25 May 2021 |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> 

The European population of New Zealand grew explosively from fewer than 1000 in 1831 to 500,000 by 1881. By 1911 the [[1911 New Zealand census|population of New Zealand]] had reached a million, of which 49,844 were Māori. 702,779 were New Zealand-born. The largest foreign-born demographics were those born in England and Scotland, followed by Australia and Ireland.<ref name="1912 results">{{cite web | url = https://www3.stats.govt.nz/historic_publications/1911-census/1911-results-census.html | title=Results of a Census of the Dominion of New Zealand | publisher =[[Statistics New Zealand]] | date = 30 December 1912 | accessdate=24 September 2024}}</ref>  

A distinct New Zealand variant of the English language has been recognised since at least 1912, when [[Frank Arthur Swinnerton]] described it as a "carefully modulated murmur". From the beginning of the haphazard Australian and European settlements and latter official British migrations, a new dialect began to form by adopting Māori words to describe the different flora and fauna of New Zealand, for which English did not have words.<ref>''The Story of English'' by Robert McCrum, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil. BBC Publications and Faber and Faber: London, 1986.</ref>

The New Zealand accent first appeared in towns with mixed populations of immigrants from Australia, England, Ireland, and Scotland. These included the militia towns of the North Island and the gold-mining towns of the South Island. In more homogeneous towns such as those in Otago and Southland, settled mainly by people from Scotland, the New Zealand accent took longer to appear,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speech-and-accent/page-2 |title=Speech and accent – Explanations of New Zealand speech |last=Gordon |first=Elizabeth  |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref> while the accent was quick to develop in schools starting from the 1890s.<ref name="explained"/>

Since the latter 20th century New Zealand society has gradually divested itself of its fundamentally British roots<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/12/new-zealands-flag-represents-a-country-that-no-longer-exists |title=New Zealand's flag represents a country that no longer exists|date=11 March 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> and has adopted influences from all over the world, especially in the early 21st century when New Zealand experienced an increase of non-British immigration, which has brought about a more prominently multi-ethnic society. The Internet, television,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/blogs/voyages-in-america/6837596/The-strange-American-ness-of-NZ-pop-culture |title=The strange American-ness of NZ pop culture|date=2 May 2012 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> movies and popular music have all brought international influences into New Zealand society and the New Zealand lexicon. [[Americanisation]] of New Zealand society and language has subtly and gradually been taking place since World War II and especially since the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10342128 |title=Tapu Misa: Clinging to Kiwiness on wave of Americanisation|date=23 August 2005|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}</ref>

===Legal status===
While the [[Māori language]] and [[New Zealand Sign Language]] are [[statute|statutory]] [[Official language#New Zealand|official languages]] of New Zealand, English is a ''de facto'' official language, which may be used in any public or official context.<ref name="Walters">{{cite news |last=Walters |first=Laura |title=Analysis: Why English does not need to be made an official language |url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/101497027/analysis-why-english-does-not-need-to-be-made-an-official-language |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=16 Feb 2018}}</ref> In 2018, MP [[Clayton Mitchell (New Zealand politician)|Clayton Mitchell]] of [[New Zealand First]] put forward a bill for English to be recognised as an official language in legislation.<ref>{{Cite news | url= http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/02/nz-first-submits-bill-for-english-to-be-recognised-as-official-language.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180215101032/http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/02/nz-first-submits-bill-for-english-to-be-recognised-as-official-language.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 15 February 2018 | title=NZ First submits Bill for English to be recognised as official language| work=[[Newshub]] | date=15 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1802/S00143/nz-first-bill-english-set-to-become-official.htm |title=NZ First Bill: English set to become official |website=Scoop News}}</ref>