Editing New Mexico (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of New Mexico}}
{{For timeline}}
{{See also|Territorial evolution of New Mexico}}
[[File:Map Anasazi, Hohokam and Mogollon cultures-en.svg|thumb|left|Ancestral Pueblo territory shown in pink over New Mexico]]

===Prehistory===

The first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of the [[Clovis culture]] of [[Paleo-Indians]].<ref name="Murphy 2000">{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Dan|others=photo research by John O. Baxter|title=New Mexico, the distant land: an illustrated history|year=2000|publisher=American Historical Press|location=Sun Valley, CA|isbn=978-1892724090}}</ref>{{Rp|19}} Footprints discovered in 2017 suggest that humans may have been present in the region as long ago as 21,000–23,000 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Ancient footprints in New Mexico raise questions about when humans inhabited North America |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/ancient-footprints-in-new-mexico-raise-questions-about-when-humans-inhabited-north-america |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us |archive-date=July 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725174206/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/ancient-footprints-in-new-mexico-raise-questions-about-when-humans-inhabited-north-america |url-status=live }}</ref> Later inhabitants include the [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]] and [[Ancestral Puebloans|Ancestral Pueblo]] cultures, which are characterized by sophisticated pottery work and urban development;<ref name="Simmons 1988">{{cite book |last=Simmons |first=Marc |title=New Mexico: An Interpretive History |edition=New |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |year=1988 |isbn=978-0826311108 |url=https://archive.org/details/newmexicointerpr00simm }}</ref>{{Rp|52}} [[pueblo]]s or their remnants, like those at [[Acoma Pueblo|Acoma]], [[Taos Pueblo|Taos]], and [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park]], indicate the scale of [[Ancestral Puebloan dwellings]] within the area. These cultures form part of the broader [[Oasisamerica]] region of pre-Columbian North America.

The vast trade networks of the Ancestral Puebloans led to legends throughout [[Mesoamerica]] and the [[Aztec Empire]] ([[Mexica|Mexico]]) of an unseen northern empire that rivaled their own, which they called ''Yancuic Mexico'', literally translated as "a new Mexico".

===Nuevo México===
==== New Spain era ====

{{Main| Seven Golden Cities of Cibola|Santa Fe de Nuevo México}}
{{see also|Spanish peace treaties with the Comanche}}
[[File:Flickr - USCapitol - Po’pay Statue.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Popé]], leader of the [[Pueblo Revolt|Pueblo Revolt of 1680.]] The statue, entitled [[Po'pay (Fragua)|Po'pay]], is among two statues depicting New Mexicans at the [[United States Capitol]] [[National Statuary Hall Collection]], the other being [[Dennis Chávez]].]]

Aztec legends of a prosperous empire to their north became the primary basis for the mythical [[Seven Cities of Gold]], which spurred exploration by Spanish [[conquistador]]s following their [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|conquest of the Aztecs]] in the early 16th century; prominent explorers included [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca]], [[Andrés Dorantes de Carranza]], [[Alonso del Castillo Maldonado]], [[Estevanico]], and [[Marcos de Niza]].

The settlement of ''[[Santa Fe, New Mexico|La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís]]'' — modern day Santa Fe – was established by [[Pedro de Peralta]] as a more permanent capital at the foot of the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]] in 1610.<ref name="Simmons Last Conquistador">{{cite book |last=Simmons |first=Mark |title=The Last Conquistador: Juan De Oñate and the Settling of the Far Southwest |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |year=1991 |isbn=978-0806123684}}</ref>{{Rp|182}} Towards the end of the 17th century, the [[Pueblo Revolt]] drove out the Spanish and occupied these early cities for over a decade.<ref name="archaeology.org">{{Cite web |title=The First American Revolution - Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/249-1703/features/5301-new-mexico-pueblo-revolt |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.archaeology.org |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119005838/https://www.archaeology.org/issues/249-1703/features/5301-new-mexico-pueblo-revolt |url-status=live }}</ref> After the death of Pueblo leader [[Popé]], [[Diego de Vargas]] restored the area to Spanish rule,<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|68–75}} with Puebloans offered greater cultural and religious liberties.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060327110222/http://www.class.uh.edu/gl/mav1.htm Resistance and Accommodation in New Mexico]. Source: C. W. Hackett, ed., Historical Documents relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and Approaches Thereto, to 1773, vol. III [Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1937] pp. 327–335.</ref><ref>''The Pueblo Revolt of 1680:Conquest and Resistance in Seventeenth-Century New Mexico'', By, Andrew L. Knaut, University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1995</ref><ref name="Murphy 2000" />{{rp|6, 48}} Returning settlers founded ''[[Albuquerque, New Mexico|La Villa de Alburquerque]]'' in 1706 at [[Old Town Albuquerque]] as a trading center for existing surrounding communities such as [[Barelas]], [[Pueblo of Isleta|Isleta]], [[Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, New Mexico|Los Ranchos]], and [[Sandia Pueblo|Sandia]];<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|84}} it was named for the viceroy of New Spain, [[Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabq.gov/museum/history/foundingabq.html |title=The Founding of Albuquerque{{snd}}The Albuquerque Museum |access-date=October 12, 2008 |publisher=City of Albuquerque |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529004544/http://www.cabq.gov/museum/history/foundingabq.html |archive-date=May 29, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Governor [[Francisco Cuervo y Valdés]] established the villa in [[Albuquerque metropolitan area|Tiguex]] to provide [[free trade]] access and facilitate cultural exchange in the region.

Beyond forging better relations with the Pueblos, governors were forbearing in their approach to the indigenous peoples, such as was with governor [[Tomás Vélez Cachupín]];<ref name="Simmons 2012">{{cite web | last=Simmons | first=Marc | title=Trail Dust: Governor showed foresight, fortitude against Comanches | website=Santa Fe New Mexican | date=May 18, 2012 | url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/trail-dust-governor-showed-foresight-fortitude-against-comanches/article_b22c435d-6f52-579a-a8dc-d4e587e1f699.html | access-date=December 16, 2022 | archive-date=December 16, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216192739/https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/trail-dust-governor-showed-foresight-fortitude-against-comanches/article_b22c435d-6f52-579a-a8dc-d4e587e1f699.html | url-status=live }}</ref> the comparatively large reservations in New Mexico and [[Arizona]] are partly a legacy of Spanish treaties recognizing indigenous land claims in Nuevo México.<ref name="NMHR Vol 80 Num 1 Art 4">{{cite web | title=The Climax of Conflicts with Native Americans in New Mexico: Spanish and Mexican Antecedents to U.S. Treaty Making during the U.S.-Mexico War, 1846–1848 | website=New Mexico Historical Review | date=January 1, 2001 | url=https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2307&context=nmhr | access-date=November 15, 2022 | quote=American policy swiftly sought to reenact Hispano and Nativo peace treaties "Domestic and imperial reforms finally provided peace treaties during the last quarter of the eighteenth century." "Apaches, Navajos, and Comanches to sue for peace in 1775 and 1786. In return for annual gifts, food rations, horses, and supplies, warriors promised to honor these long-sought peace treaties." "Pueblos, the Comanche, Ute, and Navajo nations enlisted in Spanish armies as auxiliaries against defiant Apaches." "Implicit in these treaties were Spanish assurances that the king would protect each tribe from the others" "The Spanish responded by counterattacking in great strength at Canyon de Chelly, a principal Navajo sanctuary, resulting in the chieftains' request for peace. Signed on 12 May 1805 at Jemez Pueblo, the peace treaty featured a Navajo promise that the nation would not claim.the. Cebolleta area" "Navajos seemed to comply with treaty terms, even turning over criminals to the governor." | archive-date=October 4, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130709/https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2307&context=nmhr | url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, relations between the various indigenous groups and Spanish settlers remained nebulous and complex, varying from trade and commerce to cultural assimilation and intermarriage to total warfare. During most of the 18th century, raids by [[Navajo]], [[Apache]], and especially [[Comanche]] inhibited the growth and prosperity of the New Mexico. The region's harsh environment and remoteness, surrounded by hostile Native Americans, fostered a greater degree of self-reliance, as well as pragmatic cooperation, between the [[Pueblo people]]s and colonists. Many indigenous communities enjoyed a large measure of autonomy well into the late 19th century due to the improved governance.

To encourage settlement in its vulnerable periphery, Spain awarded land grants to European settlers in Nuevo México; due to the scarcity of water throughout the region, the vast majority of colonists resided in the central valley of the Rio Grande and its tributaries. Most communities were walled enclaves consisting of adobe houses that opened onto a plaza, from which four streets ran outward to small, private agricultural plots and orchards; these were watered by ''[[acequia]]s,'' community owned and operated irrigation canals. Just beyond the wall was the ''[[ejido]]'', communal land for grazing, firewood, or recreation. By 1800, the population of New Mexico had reached 25,000 (not including indigenous inhabitants), far exceeding the territories of California and Texas.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411812/New-Mexico New Mexico (state)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930014044/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411812/New-Mexico |date=September 30, 2009 }}. ''Britannica Online Encyclopedia'''.</ref>

==== Mexico era ====
[[File: Santa Fe of New Mexico (location map scheme).svg|thumb|Territory of [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]] when it belonged to Mexico in 1824]]

As part of New Spain, the province of New Mexico became part of the [[First Mexican Empire]] in 1821 following the [[Mexican War of Independence]].<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|109}} Upon its secession from Mexico in 1836, the [[Republic of Texas]] claimed the portion east of the [[Rio Grande]], based on the erroneous assumption that the older Hispanic settlements of the upper Rio Grande were the same as the newly established Mexican settlements of Texas. The [[Texan Santa Fe Expedition]] was launched to seize the contested territory but failed with the capture and imprisonment of the entire army by the Hispanic New Mexico militia.

During the turn of the 19th century, the extreme northeastern part of New Mexico, north of the Canadian River and east of the spine of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, was still claimed by France, which sold it in 1803 as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. In 1812, the U.S. reclassified the land as part of the [[Missouri Territory]]. This region of New Mexico (along with territory comprising present-day southeastern Colorado, the [[Texas Panhandle|Texas]] and [[Oklahoma Panhandle]]s, and southwestern [[Kansas]]) was ceded to Spain under the [[Adams-Onis Treaty]] in 1819.

When the [[First Mexican Republic]] began to transition into the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]], they began to centralize power ignoring the sovereignty of Santa Fe and disregarding Pueblo land rights. This led to the [[Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)|Chimayó Rebellion]] in 1837, led by ''[[genízaro]]'' José Gonzales.<ref name="Lecompte 1985 p.">{{cite book | last=Lecompte | first=Janet | title=Rebellion in Río Arriba, 1837 | publisher=University of New Mexico Press | publication-place=Albuquerque | date=1985 | isbn=0-8263-0800-7 | oclc=11549193 | language=de | page=}}</ref> The death of then governor [[Albino Pérez]] during the revolt, was met with further hostility. Though José Gonzales was executed due to his involvement in the governor's death, subsequent governors [[Manuel Armijo]] and [[Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid]] agreed with some of the underlying sentiment. This led to New Mexico becoming financially and politically tied to the U.S., and preferring trade along the [[Santa Fe Trail]].

===Territorial phase===

{{Main|Texas annexation|U.S. provisional government of New Mexico|Mexican–American War|Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|Mexican Cession|Organic act#List of organic acts|New Mexico Territory|Gadsden Purchase|Ordinance of Secession|Confederate Arizona|Confederate States of America|New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War}}

Following the victory of the United States in the Mexican–American War (1846–48), Mexico [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|ceded its northern territories]] to the U.S., including California, Texas, and New Mexico.<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|132}} The Americans were initially heavy-handed in their treatment of former Mexican citizens, triggering the [[Taos Revolt]] in 1847 by Hispanos and their Pueblo allies; the insurrection led to the death of territorial governor [[Charles Bent]] and the collapse of the civilian government established by [[Stephen W. Kearny]]. In response, the U.S. government appointed local [[Donaciano Vigil]] as governor to better represent New Mexico,<ref name="Crutchfield 1995 p.">{{cite book | last=Crutchfield | first=James A. | title=Tragedy at Taos: the revolt of 1847 | publisher=Republic of Texas Press | publication-place=Plano, Tex. | date=1995 | isbn=1-55622-385-4 | oclc=31865232 | page=}}</ref> and also vowed to accept the land rights of [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Nuevomexicans]] and grant them citizenship. In 1864, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] symbolized the recognition of Native land rights with the Lincoln Canes, [[sceptre]]s [[staff of office|of office]] gifted to each of the Pueblos, a tradition dating back to Spanish and Mexican eras.<ref name="NCAI">{{cite web | title=Resolution | website=NCAI | url=https://www.ncai.org/resources/resolutions/support-for-the-pueblos-of-new-mexico-honoring-celebration-of-150-years-of-the-lincoln-canes | access-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212102932/https://www.ncai.org/resources/resolutions/support-for-the-pueblos-of-new-mexico-honoring-celebration-of-150-years-of-the-lincoln-canes | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Mexican 2022">{{cite web | last=Mexican | first=Uriel J. GarciaThe New | title=Award-winning film documents tribe's treasured Lincoln canes | website=Santa Fe New Mexican | date=November 15, 2022 | url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/award-winning-film-documents-tribe-s-treasured-lincoln-canes/article_32d38544-05e8-540c-916b-0575dc6ac00a.html | access-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212102932/https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/award-winning-film-documents-tribe-s-treasured-lincoln-canes/article_32d38544-05e8-540c-916b-0575dc6ac00a.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

After the [[Republic of Texas]] was admitted as a state in 1846, it attempted to claim the eastern portion of New Mexico east of the Rio Grande, while the [[California Republic]] and [[State of Deseret]] each claimed parts of western New Mexico. Under the [[Compromise of 1850]], these regions were forced by the U.S. government to drop their claims, Texas received $10{{spaces}}million in federal funds, California was granted statehood, and officially establishing the [[Utah Territory]]; therein recognizing most of New Mexico's historically established land claims.<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|135}} Pursuant to the compromise, Congress established the [[New Mexico Territory]] in September of that year;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/maps/lapurchase/essay1e_lg.html |title=Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase as Recognized Today |access-date=December 6, 2008 |date=December 2001 |website=Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase |publisher=Library of Congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706105401/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/maps/lapurchase/essay1e_lg.html |archive-date=July 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> it included most of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, along with the [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] [[Las Vegas Valley|Valley]] and what would later become [[Clark County, Nevada|Clark County]] in [[Nevada]].

In 1853 the U.S. acquired the mostly desert southwestern bootheel of the state, along with Arizona's land south of the Gila River, in the [[Gadsden Purchase]], which was needed for the right-of-way to encourage construction of a [[transcontinental railroad]].<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|136}}

==== U.S. Civil War, American Indian Wars, and American frontier ====
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| header = Civil war effects in New Mexico
| width = 225
| image1 = Wpdms Arizona Territory 1860 ZP.svg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = New Mexico territory including Arizona, 1860
| image2 = Wpdms new mexico territory 1867.png
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Territories divided, 1867
}}

When the [[American Civil War|U.S. Civil War]] broke out in 1861, both [[the Confederate States of America|Confederate]] and [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] governments claimed ownership and territorial rights over New Mexico Territory. The Confederacy claimed the southern tract as its own [[Arizona Territory (Confederate States of America)|Arizona Territory]], and as part of the [[Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War|Trans-Mississippi Theater]] of the war, waged the ambitious [[New Mexico Campaign]] to control the [[American Southwest]] and open up access to Union California. Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after the [[Battle of Glorieta Pass]] in 1862, though the Confederate territorial government continued to operate out of Texas. More than 8,000 soldiers from New Mexico Territory served in the [[Union Army]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilwardata.com/dbstatus.html |title=American Civil War Research Database statistics |publisher=Civilwardata.com |date=March 4, 2012 |access-date=June 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617052546/http://www.civilwardata.com/dbstatus.html |archive-date=June 17, 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Eingeborene des nördlichen Neu-Mexiko 1861.jpg|thumb|"The indigenous people of northern New Mexico" by [[Balduin Möllhausen]], 1861]]
The end of the war saw [[American frontier|rapid economic development and settlement]] in New Mexico, which attracted homesteaders, ranchers, cowboys, businessmen, and outlaws;<ref name="online.nmartmuseum.org">{{Cite web |title=New Mexico Tells New Mexico History {{!}} History: Statehood |url=https://online.nmartmuseum.org/nmhistory/people-places-and-politics/statehood/history-statehood.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=online.nmartmuseum.org |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207091652/https://online.nmartmuseum.org/nmhistory/people-places-and-politics/statehood/history-statehood.html |url-status=live }}</ref> many of the [[folklore]] characters of the [[Western (genre)|Western genre]] had their origins in New Mexico, most notably businesswoman [[Maria Gertrudis Barceló]], outlaw [[Billy the Kid]], and lawmen [[Pat Garrett]] and [[Elfego Baca]]. The influx of "Anglo Americans" from the eastern U.S. (which include African Americans and recent European immigrants) reshaped the state's economy, culture, and politics. Into the late 19th century, the majority of New Mexicans remained ethnic mestizos of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry (primarily Pueblo, Navajo, Apache, Genízaro, and Comanche), many of whom had roots going back to Spanish settlement in the 16th century; this distinctly New Mexican ethnic group became known as [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Hispanos]] and developed a more pronounced identity vis-a-vis the newer Anglo arrivals. Politically, they still controlled most town and county offices through local elections, and wealthy ranching families commanded considerable influence, preferring business, [[legislature|legislative]], and [[judiciary|judicial]] relations with fellow indigenous New Mexican groups. By contrast, Anglo Americans, who were "outnumbered, but well-organized and growing"<ref name="Montgomery">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27502746?seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents Charles Montgomery, "Becoming 'Spanish-American': Race and Rhetoric in New Mexico Politics, 1880–1928"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107003618/http://www.jstor.org/stable/27502746?seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents|date=November 7, 2016}}, ''Journal of American Ethnic History'' Vol. 20, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 59–84 (published by University of Illinois Press for Immigration and Ethnic History Society),</ref> tended to have more ties to the territorial government, whose officials were appointed by the U.S. federal government; subsequently, newer residents of New Mexico generally favored maintaining territorial status, which they saw as a check on Native and Hispano influence.

A consequence of the civil war was intensifying conflict with indigenous peoples, which was part of the broader American [[American Indian Wars|Indian Wars]] along the frontier. The withdrawal of troops and material for the war effort had prompted raids by hostile tribes, and the federal government moved to subdue the many native communities that had been effectively autonomous throughout the colonial period. Following the elimination of the Confederate threat, Brigadier General [[James Henry Carleton|James Carleton]], who had assumed command of the Military Department of New Mexico in 1862, led what he described as a "merciless war against all hostile tribes" that aimed to "force them to their knees, and then confine them to reservations where they could be Christianized and instructed in agriculture."<ref name="online.nmartmuseum.org"/> With famed frontiersman [[Kit Carson]] placed in charge of troops in the field, powerful indigenous groups such as the [[Navajo people|Navajo]], [[Mescalero]] Apache, [[Kiowa]], and [[Comanche]] were brutally pacified through a scorched earth policy, and thereafter forced into barren and remote reservations. Sporadic conflicts continued into the late 1880s, most notably [[Victorio's War|the guerilla campaigns]] led by Apache [[Victorio|chiefs Victorio]] and his son-in-law [[Nana (chief)|Nana]].

The political and cultural clashes between these competing ethnic groups sometimes culminated in mob violence, including lynchings of Native, Hispanic, and Mexican peoples, as was attempted at the [[Frisco shootout]] in 1884. Nevertheless, prominent figures from across these communities, and from both the [[Democratic Party of New Mexico|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party of New Mexico|Republican parties]], attempted to fight this prejudice and forge a more cohesive, multiethnic New Mexican identity; they include lawmen [[Elfego Baca|Baca]] and [[Pat Garrett|Garrett]], and governors [[George Curry (politician)|Curry]], [[Herbert James Hagerman|Hagerman]], and [[Miguel Antonio Otero (born 1859)|Otero]].<ref name="Van Holtby 2012 p.">{{cite book | last=Van Holtby | first=D. | title=Forty-Seventh Star: New Mexico's Struggle for Statehood | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0806187860 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4q7f6wSqlEC | access-date=April 23, 2021 | page=}}</ref><ref name="de Aragón 2020 p.">{{cite book | last=de Aragón | first=R.J. | title=New Mexico's Stolen Lands: A History of Racism, Fraud & Deceit | publisher=History Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1467144032 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsHDDwAAQBAJ | access-date=April 23, 2021 | page=}}</ref> Indeed, some territorial governors, like [[Lew Wallace]], had served in both the Mexican and American militaries.<ref name="Cain 2019">{{cite web | last=Cain | first=Stephanie | title=Lew Wallace in Mexico | website=General Lew Wallace Study & Museum | date=May 10, 2019 | url=https://www.ben-hur.com/lew-wallace-in-mexico/ | access-date=December 16, 2022 | archive-date=December 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209114856/https://www.ben-hur.com/lew-wallace-in-mexico/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Statehood===

{{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}
[[File:Spanish-American boy, Chamisal, New Mexico (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Hispano]] boy in [[Chamisal]], 1940]]
[[File:Homesteader and his children eating barbeque at the New Mexico Fair. Pie Town, New Mexico, October 1940.jpg|thumb|A [[Homesteading|homesteader]] and his children at the New Mexico Fair in [[Pie Town, New Mexico]], 1940]]

The [[United States Congress]] admitted New Mexico as the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|47th state]] on January 6, 1912.<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|166}} It had been eligible for statehood 60 years earlier, but was delayed due to the perception that its majority [[Mexican American|Hispanic]] population was "alien" to U.S. culture and political values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Mexico Art Tells New Mexico History {{!}} History: Statehood|url=http://online.nmartmuseum.org/nmhistory/people-places-and-politics/statehood/history-statehood.html|access-date=July 30, 2020|website=online.nmartmuseum.org|archive-date=December 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212151035/http://online.nmartmuseum.org/nmhistory/people-places-and-politics/statehood/history-statehood.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When the U.S. entered the First World War roughly five years later, New Mexicans volunteered in significant numbers, in part to prove their loyalty as full-fledged citizens of the U.S. The state ranked fifth in the nation for military service, enlisting more than 17,000 recruits from all 33 counties; over 500 New Mexicans were killed in the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details |url=https://www.nmhistorymuseum.org/exhibition/details/3928/the-first-world-war |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.nmhistorymuseum.org |language=en |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523041506/https://www.nmhistorymuseum.org/exhibition/details/3928/the-first-world-war |url-status=live }}</ref>

Indigenous-Hispanic families had long been established since the Spanish and Mexican era,<ref name="Oropeza 2019 pp. 162–189">{{cite book | last=Oropeza | first=Lorena | title=The King of Adobe | chapter=The Indo-Hispano | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | date=September 9, 2019 | doi=10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653297.003.0008 | pages=162–189| isbn=9781469653297 | s2cid=243732529 }}</ref> but most American settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with the large Native American tribes.<ref name="Noel 2011 pp. 430–467">{{cite journal | last=Noel | first=Linda C. | title="I am an American": Anglos, Mexicans, Nativos, and the National Debate over Arizona and New Mexico Statehood | journal=Pacific Historical Review | publisher=University of California Press | volume=80 | issue=3 | date=August 1, 2011 | issn=0030-8684 | doi=10.1525/phr.2011.80.3.430 | pages=430–467}}</ref> Most indigenous New Mexicans lived on [[Indian reservation|reservations]] and near old ''placitas'' and ''villas''. In 1924, Congress passed a law granting all Native Americans U.S. citizenship and the right to vote in federal and state elections. However, Anglo-American arrivals into New Mexico enacted [[Jim Crow laws]] against Hispanos, Hispanic Americans, and those who did not pay taxes, targeting indigenous affiliated individuals;<ref name="suffrage">[http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1311&context=nlj Willard Hughes Rollings, "Citizenship and Suffrage: The Native American Struggle for Civil Rights in the American West, 1830–1965"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105010307/http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1311&context=nlj |date=November 5, 2016 }}, ''Nevada Law Journal'' Vol. 5:126, Fall 2004; accessed July 18, 2016</ref> because Hispanics often had [[interpersonal relationship]]s with indigenous peoples, they were often subject to [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]], [[Racial inequality in the United States|social inequality]], and [[employment discrimination]].<ref name="Noel 2011 pp. 430–467"/>

During the fight for [[women's suffrage in the United States]], New Mexico's Hispano and Mexican women at the forefront included Trinidad Cabeza de Baca, Dolores "Lola" Armijo, Mrs. James Chavez, Aurora Lucero, Anita "Mrs. Secundino" Romero, Arabella "Mrs. Cleofas" Romero and her daughter, Marie.<ref name="Cahill 2020">{{cite web | last=Cahill | first=Cathleen D. | title=Suffrage in Spanish: Hispanic Women and the Fight for the 19th Amendment in New Mexico (U.S. National Park Service) | website=NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service) | date=June 24, 2020 | url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/suffrage-in-spanish-hispanic-women-and-the-fight-for-the-19th-amendment-in-new-mexico.htm | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215042025/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/suffrage-in-spanish-hispanic-women-and-the-fight-for-the-19th-amendment-in-new-mexico.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Strykowski 2022">{{cite web | last=Strykowski | first=Jason | title='Sphere of Usefulness': New Mexico and women's suffrage | website=Santa Fe New Mexican | date=December 14, 2022 | url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/pasatiempo/sphere-of-usefulness-new-mexico-and-womens-suffrage/article_d3a8babc-6f97-11ea-ab2a-23fc6a5b19dc.html | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215042028/https://www.santafenewmexican.com/pasatiempo/sphere-of-usefulness-new-mexico-and-womens-suffrage/article_d3a8babc-6f97-11ea-ab2a-23fc6a5b19dc.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

A major oil discovery in 1928 near the town of [[Hobbs, New Mexico|Hobbs]] brought greater wealth to the state, especially in surrounding [[Lea County, New Mexico|Lea County]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Mexico Oil Discovery|url=http://aoghs.org/states/hobbs-new-mexico-oil-discovery/|access-date=July 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715023843/http://aoghs.org/states/hobbs-new-mexico-oil-discovery/|archive-date=July 15, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources called it "the most important single discovery of oil in New Mexico's history".<ref name=AOGHS>{{cite web|last1=Wells|first1=Bruce|title=New Mexico Oil Discovery|url=http://aoghs.org/oil-and-gas-history/hobbs-new-mexico-oil-discovery/|website=American Oil & Gas Historical Society|access-date=June 8, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140608130815/http://aoghs.org/oil-and-gas-history/hobbs-new-mexico-oil-discovery/|archive-date=June 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, agriculture and cattle ranching remained the primary economic activities.

New Mexico was [[New Mexico during World War II|greatly transformed]] by the U.S. entry into the [[Second World War]] in December 1941. As in the First World War, [[Patriotism in the United States|patriotism]] ran high among New Mexicans, including among marginalized Hispanic and indigenous communities; on a per capita basis, New Mexico produced more volunteers, and suffered more casualties, than any other state. The war also spurred economic development, particularly in extractive industries, with the state becoming a leading supplier of several strategic resources. New Mexico's rough terrain and geographic isolation made it an attractive location for several sensitive military and scientific installations; the most famous was [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]], one of the central facilities of the [[Manhattan Project]], where the first [[atomic bomb]]s were designed and manufactured. The first bomb was tested at [[Trinity site]] in the desert between [[Socorro, New Mexico|Socorro]] and [[Alamogordo, New Mexico|Alamogordo]], which is today part of the [[White Sands Missile Range]].<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|179–180}}

As a legacy of the Second World War, New Mexico continues to receive large amounts of federal government spending on major military and research institutions. In addition to the White Sands Missile Range, the state hosts three U.S. Air Force bases that were established or expanded during the war. While the high military presence brought considerable investment, it has also been the center of controversy; on May 22, 1957, a B-36 [[Mark 17 nuclear bomb#1957 incident|accidentally dropped]] a nuclear bomb 4.5 miles from the control tower while landing at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]] in Albuquerque; only its conventional "trigger" detonated.<ref>Adler, Les. [http://www.hkhinc.com/newmexico/albuquerque/doomsday/ "Albuquerque's Near-Doomsday".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060717/http://www.hkhinc.com/newmexico/albuquerque/doomsday/|date=May 15, 2019}} ''Albuquerque Tribune''. January 20, 1994.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=August 27, 1986 |title=Accident Revealed After 29 Years: H-Bomb Fell Near Albuquerque in 1957 |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-mn-14421-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195156/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-08-27/news/mn-14421_1_hydrogen-bomb |archive-date=September 10, 2014}}</ref> The [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] and [[Sandia National Laboratories]], two of the nation's leading [[United States Department of Energy National Laboratories|federal scientific research facilities]], originated from the Manhattan Project. The focus on high technology is still a top priority of the state, to the extent that it became a center for [[unidentified flying object]]s, especially following the 1947 [[Roswell incident]].

New Mexico saw its population nearly double from roughly 532,000 in 1940 to over 954,000 by 1960.<ref name="1990 CPH2">{{cite book |title=Population and Housing Unit Counts |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census |isbn=978-9994641253 |series=1990 Census of Population and Housing |volume=CPH-2-1 |pages=26–27 |chapter=Table 16. Population: 1790 to 1990 |access-date=July 3, 2008 |chapter-url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php |chapter-format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028061117/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php |archive-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |entry=New Mexico – Spanish and Mexican rule |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2021-07-20 |language=en |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Mexico |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012085307/https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Mexico |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to federal personnel and agencies, many residents and businesses moved to the state, particularly from the northeast, often drawn by its warm climate and low taxes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Cortney |date=January 5, 2022 |title=Americans largely moved to 'low-density' states in 2021: Study |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/10-states-high-move-in-rates-2021-united-van-lines-study |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=FOXBusiness |language=en-US |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107053901/https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/10-states-high-move-in-rates-2021-united-van-lines-study |url-status=live }}</ref> The pattern continues into the 21st century, with New Mexico adding over 400,000 residents between 2000 and 2020.

Native Americans from New Mexico fought for the United States in both world wars. Returning veterans were disappointed to find their civil rights limited by state discrimination. In Arizona and New Mexico, veterans challenged state laws or practices prohibiting them from voting. In 1948, after veteran Miguel Trujillo Sr. of [[Isleta Pueblo]] was told by the county registrar that he could not register to vote, he filed suit against the county in federal district court. A three-judge panel overturned as unconstitutional New Mexico's provisions that Native Americans who did not pay taxes (and could not document if they had paid taxes) could not vote.<ref name="suffrage" /><ref group="Note">"Any other citizen, regardless of race, in the State of New Mexico who has not paid one cent of tax of any kind or character, if he possesses the other qualifications, may vote. An Indian, and only an Indian, in order to meet the qualifications to vote, must have paid a tax. How you can escape the conclusion that makes a requirement with respect to an Indian as a qualification to exercise the elective franchise and does not make that requirement with respect to the member of any race is beyond me."</ref>

In the early to mid-20th century, the art presence in Santa Fe grew, and it became known as one of the world's great art centers.<ref name="ARTnews.com 2022">{{cite web | title=The City Different: A Deep-Rooted Art Scene Is the Key to Santa Fe's Magic | website=ARTnews.com | date=October 1, 2022 | url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/sponsored-content/santa-fe-tourism-city-deep-rooted-art-scene-1234640456/ | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215042025/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/sponsored-content/santa-fe-tourism-city-deep-rooted-art-scene-1234640456/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The presence of artists such as [[Georgia O'Keeffe]] attracted many others, including those along [[Canyon Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico|Canyon Road]].<ref name="Vin 2021">{{cite web | last=Vin | first=Priya | title=Gallery Stroll & Art on Canyon Road, Santa Fe | website=Outside Suburbia Family | date=March 18, 2021 | url=https://outsidesuburbia.com/north-america/united-states/gallery-art-canyon-road-santa-fe/ | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215042027/https://outsidesuburbia.com/north-america/united-states/gallery-art-canyon-road-santa-fe/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In the late 20th century, Native Americans were authorized by federal law to establish gaming casinos on their reservations under certain conditions, in states which had authorized such gaming. Such facilities have helped tribes close to population centers generate revenues for reinvestment in the economic development and welfare of their peoples. The [[Albuquerque metropolitan area]] is home to several casinos as a result.<ref name="Albuquerque Journal 2021">{{cite news | title=Sandia Resort & Casino to reopen following major addition | newspaper=Albuquerque Journal | date=July 2, 2021 | url=https://www.abqjournal.com/2405636/sandia-resort-casino-to-reopen-following-major-addition.html | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215042027/https://www.abqjournal.com/2405636/sandia-resort-casino-to-reopen-following-major-addition.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 21st century, employment growth areas in New Mexico include [[electronic circuit]]ry, [[scientific research]], information technology, [[List of casinos in New Mexico|casinos]], [[art of the American Southwest]], food, [[List of films shot in New Mexico|film]], and [[Media in Albuquerque, New Mexico|media, particularly in Albuquerque]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bber.unm.edu/pubs/WRSA.pdf |title=The Southwest Heartland: The Good, the Bad & the Ugly |access-date=October 12, 2008 |last=Reynis |first=Lee A. |author2=Marshall J. Vest |page=12 |publisher=University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research |year=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225004318/http://bber.unm.edu/pubs/WRSA.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The state was the founding location of [[Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems]], which led to the founding of [[Microsoft]] in Albuquerque.<ref name="Microsoft Learn 1975">{{cite web | title=1975 | website=Microsoft Learn | date=January 1, 1975 | url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-1975 | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215042026/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-1975 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Intel]] maintains their F11X in [[Rio Rancho, New Mexico|Rio Rancho]], which also hosts an IT center for [[HP Inc.]]<ref name="Cutress 2021">{{cite web | last=Cutress | first=Ian | title=Intel's Process Roadmap to 2025: with 4nm, 3nm, 20A and 18A?! | website=AnandTech | date=July 26, 2021 | url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/16823/intel-accelerated-offensive-process-roadmap-updates-to-10nm-7nm-4nm-3nm-20a-18a-packaging-foundry-emib-foveros | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=November 3, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103110548/https://www.anandtech.com/show/16823/intel-accelerated-offensive-process-roadmap-updates-to-10nm-7nm-4nm-3nm-20a-18a-packaging-foundry-emib-foveros | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lorenz 2022"/> [[New Mexican cuisine|New Mexico's culinary scene]] became recognized and is now a source of revenue for the state.<ref name="Washington 2018">{{cite web | last=Washington | first=Francesca | title=New Mexico Green chile's increasing popularity, putting strain on local supply | website=KRQE NEWS 13 – Breaking News, Albuquerque News, New Mexico News, Weather, and Videos | date=January 16, 2018 | url=https://www.krqe.com/news/new-mexico-green-chiles-increasing-popularity-putting-strain-on-local-supply/ | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215043341/https://www.krqe.com/news/new-mexico-green-chiles-increasing-popularity-putting-strain-on-local-supply/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kennedy 2022">{{cite web | last=Kennedy | first=Adrienne Katz | title=21 Foods You Have To Try In New Mexico | website=Tasting Table | date=September 14, 2022 | url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1008329/foods-you-have-to-try-in-new-mexico/ | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215043329/https://www.tastingtable.com/1008329/foods-you-have-to-try-in-new-mexico/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Seymore 2019">{{cite web | last=Seymore | first=Jami | title=Albuquerque restaurant makes fifth appearance on Food Network | website=KRQE NEWS 13 – Breaking News, Albuquerque News, New Mexico News, Weather, and Videos | date=November 12, 2019 | url=https://www.krqe.com/news/albuquerque-metro/albuquerque-restaurant-makes-fifth-appearance-on-food-network/ | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215043327/https://www.krqe.com/news/albuquerque-metro/albuquerque-restaurant-makes-fifth-appearance-on-food-network/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Albuquerque Studios]] has become a filming hub for [[Netflix]], and it was brought international media production companies to the state like [[NBCUniversal]].<ref name="Jr Jr 2020">{{cite web | last1=Fleming | first1=Mike Jr. | title=Netflix Commits $1 Billion More In New Mexico Production Funding As It Expands ABQ Studios; 'Stranger Things' Joins List Of Albuquerque-Set Shows | website=Deadline | date=November 23, 2020 | url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/netflix-billion-dollar-production-commitment-new-mexico-abq-studios-stranger-things-1234620435/ | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=July 5, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191312/https://deadline.com/2020/11/netflix-billion-dollar-production-commitment-new-mexico-abq-studios-stranger-things-1234620435/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gomez 2022">{{cite news | last=Gomez | first=Adrian | title=Netflix forging ahead with expansion in NM | newspaper=Albuquerque Journal | date=May 25, 2022 | url=https://www.abqjournal.com/2502411/netflix-forging-ahead-with-expansion-in-nm.html | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=September 3, 2022 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20220903120530/https://www.abqjournal.com/2502411/netflix-forging-ahead-with-expansion-in-nm.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Padilla NBCUniversal 2021">{{cite news | last=Padilla | first=Anna | title=NBCUniversal New Mexico production studio to bring hundreds of jobs | work=KRQE NEWS 13 | date=June 24, 2021 | url=https://www.krqe.com/news/business/ribbon-cutting-to-take-place-for-nbcuniversal-new-mexico-production-studio/ | access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215044039/https://www.krqe.com/news/business/ribbon-cutting-to-take-place-for-nbcuniversal-new-mexico-production-studio/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was confirmed to have reached the U.S. state of New Mexico on March 11, 2020.  On December 23, 2020, the New Mexico Department of Health reported 1,174 new COVID-19 cases and 40 deaths, bringing the cumulative statewide totals to 133,242 cases and 2,243 deaths since the start of the pandemic.<ref name="dash">{{cite web |title=NMDOH COVID-19 Public Dashboard |url=https://cvprovider.nmhealth.org/public-dashboard.html |website=New Mexico Department of Health |access-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523201516/https://cvprovider.nmhealth.org/public-dashboard.html |url-status=live }}</ref>