Editing Neoliberalism (section)

=== Origins ===
An early use of the term in English was in 1898 by the French economist [[Charles Gide]] to describe the economic beliefs of the Italian economist [[Maffeo Pantaleoni]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gide |first=Charles |date=January 1, 1898 |title=Has Co-operation Introduced a New Principle into Economics? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449661 |journal=[[The Economic Journal]] |volume=8 |issue=32 |pages=490–511 |doi=10.2307/2957091 |jstor=2957091}}</ref> with the term {{lang|fr|néo-libéralisme}} previously existing in French;<ref name="OxfordNeoliberalism2">{{Cite OED|Neoliberalism}}</ref> the term was later used by others, including the classical liberal economist [[Milton Friedman]] in his 1951 essay "Neo-Liberalism and its Prospects".{{sfnp|Burgin|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BnZ1qKdXojoC&pg=PA170 170}} In 1938, at the [[Colloque Walter Lippmann]], ''neoliberalism'' was proposed, among other terms, and ultimately chosen to be used to describe a certain set of economic beliefs.{{sfnp|Mirowski|Plehwe|2009|pp=12–13}}{{sfnp|Hartwich|2009|p=19}} The colloquium defined the concept of neoliberalism as involving "the priority of the price mechanism, free enterprise, the system of competition, and a strong and impartial state".{{sfnp|Mirowski|Plehwe|2009|pp=13–14}} According to attendees [[Louis Rougier]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]], the competition of neoliberalism would establish an [[Elitism|elite structure]] of successful individuals that would assume power in society, with these elites replacing the existing [[representative democracy]] acting on the behalf of the majority.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rougier |first=Louis |title=Les Mystiques économiques |publisher=Librairie de Médicis |year=1949 |pages=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayek |first=Friedrich |title=[[Law, Legislation and Liberty]], Vol. 2: The Mirage of Social Justice |year=1976 |pages=113}}</ref> To be ''neoliberal'' meant advocating a modern economic policy with [[state intervention]].{{sfnp|Mirowski|Plehwe|2009|p=48}} Neoliberal state interventionism brought a clash with the opposing ''laissez-faire'' camp of classical liberals, like [[Ludwig von Mises]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Jörg Guido |last=Hülsmann |author-link=Jörg Guido Hülsmann |url=https://mises.org/daily/6022/ |title=Against the Neoliberals |website=[[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] |date=May 2012 |access-date=2014-09-13 |archive-date=2014-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914002429/https://mises.org/daily/6022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most scholars in the 1950s and 1960s understood neoliberalism as referring to the [[social market economy]] and its principal economic theorists such as [[Walter Eucken]], [[Wilhelm Röpke]], [[Alexander Rüstow]], and [[Alfred Müller-Armack]]. Although Hayek had intellectual ties to the German neoliberals, his name was only occasionally mentioned in conjunction with neoliberalism during this period due to his more pro-free market stance.{{sfnp|Boas|Gans-Morse|2009}}

During the [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)|military rule under Augusto Pinochet]] (1973–1990) in Chile, opposition scholars took up the expression to describe the [[Neoliberal reforms in Chile|economic reforms implemented there]] and its proponents (the [[Chicago Boys]]).{{sfnp|Boas|Gans-Morse|2009}} Once this new meaning was established among Spanish-speaking scholars, it diffused into the English-language study of political economy.{{sfnp|Boas|Gans-Morse|2009}} According to one study of 148 scholarly articles, neoliberalism is almost never defined but used in several senses to describe ideology, economic theory, development theory, or economic reform policy. It has become used largely as a [[term of abuse]] and/or to imply a ''laissez-faire'' [[market fundamentalism]] virtually identical to that of classical liberalism – rather than the ideas of those who attended the 1938 colloquium. As a result, there is controversy as to the precise meaning of the term and its usefulness as a descriptor in the [[social science]]s, especially as the number of different kinds of market economies have proliferated in recent years.{{sfnp|Boas|Gans-Morse|2009}}

Unrelated to the economic philosophy<!-- described in this article -->, ''neoliberalism'' is used to describe a centrist political movement from [[modern American liberalism]] in the 1970s. According to political commentator [[David Brooks (commentator)|David Brooks]], prominent neoliberal politicians included [[Al Gore]] and [[Bill Clinton]] of the Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Brooks |author-link=David Brooks (commentator) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/opinion/11brooks.html?_r=0 |title=The Vanishing Neoliberal |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 11, 2007|access-date=January 2, 2024}}</ref> The neoliberals coalesced around two magazines, ''[[The New Republic]]'' and the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'';<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/04/chait-neoliberal-new-inquiry-democrats-socialism/ |title=The First Neoliberals |last=Robin |first=Corey |date=April 28, 2016 |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref> they also supported [[Third Way]] policies. The "godfather" of this version of neoliberalism was the journalist [[Charles Peters]],<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Matt |last=Welch |url=http://reason.com/archives/2013/03/25/the-death-of-contrarianism |title=The Death of Contrarianism. The New Republic returns to its Progressive roots as a cheerleader for state power |magazine=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] |date=May 2013|access-date=January 2, 2024}}</ref> who in 1983 published "A Neoliberal's Manifesto".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Peters |first=Charles |date=May 1983 |title=A Neoliberal's Manifesto |url=https://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/1983/8305_Neoliberalism.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304093741/https://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/1983/8305_Neoliberalism.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |magazine=Washington Monthly |pages=8–18}}</ref>