Editing National Defense Education Act (section)

==Breakdown by title==

===Title I===

Title I of the NDEA serves as an introduction to the content and purposes of the Act.

===Title II===

Title II authorizes the provision of student loans and provides terms by which they may be awarded. Initially, Title II provided scholarships (also known as grants) rather than loans. However, some members of Congress expressed worry about the message sent by giving students a "free ride." The House version of the bill eliminated scholarship money, while the Senate reduced the amount of scholarship money. By the time the bill was passed into law, student aid was exclusively loan-based.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Leonard|first1=Barry|title=Evolution of a Problematic Partnership: The Feds and Higher Education|date=1981|publisher=DIANE Publishing}}</ref>

===Title III===

Title III provides additional financial assistance for the purposes of strengthening science, math, and foreign language programs. Latin and Greek programs are not funded under this title, on the grounds that they are not modern foreign languages, and thus do not support defense needs.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Heller|first1=John|title=The Classics and the National Defense Education Act|journal=The Classical Journal|date=1959|volume=54|issue=7|pages=303–306}}</ref> Title III provides equipment, materials and state matching funds to develop mathematics, science, and foreign language instruction and professional development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jolly |first=Jennifer |date=Spring 2009 |title=The National Defense Education Act, Current STEM Initiative, and the Gifted |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ835843.pdf}}</ref> Title III also encouraged cooperation between teachers and researchers.<ref name=":0" /> During Title III, research shifted the homogenous definition of intelligence associated with gifted children.<ref name=":0" />

===Title IV===

Title IV provides funding for graduate fellowships in order to increase the number of graduate-level professionals and university professors. Priority was given to students who stated an interest in becoming a professor. However, certain fields (such as folklore) were specifically exempted from these fellowships.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dorson|first1=Richard|title=Folklore and the National Defense Education Act|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|year=1962|volume=75|issue=296|pages=160–164|doi=10.2307/538177|jstor=538177}}</ref> Title IV was also one of the only two federal programs (along with Title VI of the NDEA) in existence at the time that gave any funding to the humanities.

===Title V===

Title V includes provisions for the training of guidance counselors and the implementation of testing programs to identify gifted students. This laid the groundwork for Academically Gifted (AG) and Gifted & Talented (GT) programs and began the trend of using standardized testing in schools to measure competency. Title V had a great influence on gifted education. However, since the program started in the 1920s, the defining percentage that marks "giftedness" has remained constant.<ref name=":0" />

===Title VI===

Title VI provides funding for language and area studies programs. "Area studies" includes such subjects as African American studies and Latin American studies.

===Title VII===

Title VII provided funding for research in the more effective use of technology for educational purposes.

===Title VIII===

Title VIII provided funding for vocational training in order to better prepare citizens for the workforce.

===Title IX===

Title IX established the Science Information Institute and Science Information Council in order to disseminate scientific information and assist the government in matters of a highly technical nature.

===Title X===

Title X contains miscellaneous provisions regarding legal and pragmatic details of the Act.