Editing Mycoplasma genitalium (section)

==Genome==
[[File:Mycoplasma genitalium.gif|thumb|[[Gene map]] of ''Mycoplasma genitalium''. Circularly arranged coloured bands are the protein-coding genes and other loci in their position in the DNA. The genome has 580,070 [[base pair]]s (580 kb).]]
[[File:3D Whole Cell (3D-WC) model of a Mycoplasma genitalium cell Cubic section.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|3D model of the ''Mycoplasma genitalium'' cell obtained with [[CellPACKgpu]]. The horizontal clipping plane shows the cytoplasmic environment on top and the membrane with associated proteins in the bottom. An additional clipping plane carves out a cubic section of the model, magnified on the right. Proteins colored by biological function.]]

The genome of ''M. genitalium'' strain G37<sup>T</sup> consists in one circular DNA molecule of 580,070 [[base pairs]].<ref name="fraser">{{cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=C. M. |last2=Gocayne |first2=J. D. |last3=White |first3=O. |last4=Adams |first4=M. D. |last5=Clayton |first5=R. A. |last6=Fleischmann |first6=R. D. |last7=Bult |first7=C. J. |last8=Kerlavage |first8=A. R. |last9=Sutton |first9=G. |last10=Kelley |first10=J. M. |last11=Fritchman |first11=J. L. |last12=Weidman |first12=J. F. |last13=Small |first13=K. V. |last14=Sandusky |first14=M. |last15=Fuhrmann |first15=J. |year=1995 |title=The Minimal Gene Complement of ''Mycoplasma genitalium'' |journal=Science |volume=270 |issue=5235 |pages=397–404 |bibcode=1995Sci...270..397F |doi=10.1126/science.270.5235.397 |pmid=7569993 |s2cid=29825758 |last16=Nguyen |first16=D. |last17=Utterback |first17=T. R. |last18=Saudek |first18=D. M. |last19=Phillips |first19=C. A. |last20=Merrick |first20=J. M. |last21=Tomb |first21=J.-F. |last22=Dougherty |first22=B. A. |last23=Bott |first23=K. F. |last24=Hu |first24=P.-C. |last25=Lucier |first25=T. S.}}</ref> Scott N. Peterson and his team at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] reported the first genetic map using [[pulsed-field gel electrophoresis]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Scott N. |last2=Schramm |first2=Nara |last3=Hu |first3=Ping-chuan |last4=Bott |first4=Kenneth F. |last5=Hutchison |first5=Clyde A. |title=A random sequencing approach for placing markers on the physical map of |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |date=1991 |volume=19 |issue=21 |pages=6027–6031 |doi=10.1093/nar/19.21.6027 |pmid=1945886 |pmc=329062}}</ref> They performed an initial study of the genome using [[DNA sequencing|sequencing]] in 1993, by which they found 100,993 nucleotides and 390 protein-coding genes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=SN |last2=Hu |first2=PC |last3=Bott |first3=KF |last4=Hutchison |first4=CA |title=A survey of the ''Mycoplasma genitalium'' genome by using random sequencing |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |year=1993 |volume=175 |issue=24 |pages=7918–7930 |pmid=8253680 |pmc=206970 |doi=10.1128/jb.175.24.7918-7930.1993}}</ref> Collaborating with researchers at The [[Institute for Genomic Research]] (TIGR; now the J. Craig Venter Institute), which included [[Craig Venter]], they made the complete genome sequence in 1995 using [[shotgun sequencing]].<ref name=fraser/> Only 470 predicted [[coding region]]s were identified in 1995, including [[gene]]s required for [[DNA replication]], [[gene transcription|transcription]] and [[gene translation|translation]], [[DNA repair]], [[cellular transport]], and [[energy metabolism]]. It was the second complete bacterial genome ever sequenced, after ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''.<ref name=fraser/> Later data from [[KEGG]] reports 476 protein-coding genes and 43 [[Non-coding RNA|RNA gene]]s, totaling 519.<ref>{{cite web |title=KEGG GENOME: Mycoplasmoides genitalium G37 |url=https://www.genome.jp/entry/gn:T00002 |website=www.genome.jp}}</ref> It is unclear where the "525" gene count for the G37<sup>T</sup> stems from and what [[GeneCalling|gene calling]] procedure was used.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karr |first1=JR |last2=Sanghvi |first2=JC |last3=Macklin |first3=DN |last4=Gutschow |first4=MV |last5=Jacobs |first5=JM |last6=Bolival B |first6=Jr |last7=Assad-Garcia |first7=N |last8=Glass |first8=JI |last9=Covert |first9=MW |title=A whole-cell computational model predicts phenotype from genotype. |journal=Cell |date=20 July 2012 |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=389–401 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.044 |pmid=22817898|pmc=3413483 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2006, the team at the J. Craig Venter Institute reported that only 382 genes are essential for biological functions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glass |first1=J. I. |last2=Assad-Garcia |first2=N. |last3=Alperovich |first3=N. |last4=Yooseph |first4=S. |last5=Lewis |first5=M. R. |last6=Maruf |first6=M. |last7=Hutchison |first7=C. A. |last8=Smith |first8=H. O. |last9=Venter |first9=J. C. |title=Essential genes of a minimal bacterium |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2006 |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=425–430 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0510013103 |pmid=16407165 |pmc=1324956 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103..425G |doi-access=free}}</ref> The small genome of ''M. genitalium'' made it the organism of choice in [[The Minimal Genome Project]], a study to find the smallest set of genetic material necessary to sustain [[life]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Razin |first1=S |title=The minimal cellular genome of mycoplasma |journal=Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics |year=1997 |volume=34 |issue=1–2 |pages=124–30 |pmid=9343940}}</ref>

There is limited divergence among clinical strains of ''M. genitalium''. All strains retain the small genome size.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fookes |first1=MC |last2=Hadfield |first2=J |last3=Harris |first3=S |last4=Parmar |first4=S |last5=Unemo |first5=M |last6=Jensen |first6=JS |last7=Thomson |first7=NR |title=Mycoplasma genitalium: whole genome sequence analysis, recombination and population structure. |journal=BMC Genomics |date=28 December 2017 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=993 |doi=10.1186/s12864-017-4399-6 |pmid=29281972|pmc=5745988 |doi-access=free }}</ref>