Editing MySQL (section)

==History==
{{stack|[[File:Monty-Widenius-David-Axmark-MySQL-2003-05-09.jpg|thumb|David Axmark (left) and Michael "Monty" Widenius, founders of MySQL AB (2003).]]}}
MySQL was created by a Swedish company, [[MySQL AB]], founded by [[Swedes]] [[David Axmark]] and Allan Larsson, along with [[Finns|Finn]] [[Michael Widenius|Michael "Monty" Widenius]].
Original development of MySQL by Widenius and Axmark began in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensourcereleasefeed.com/interview/show/five-questions-with-michael-widenius-founder-and-original-developer-of-mysql |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313160628/http://www.opensourcereleasefeed.com/interview/show/five-questions-with-michael-widenius-founder-and-original-developer-of-mysql |archive-date=2009-03-13 |title=Five Questions With Michael Widenius – Founder And Original Developer of MySQL |publisher=opensourcereleasefeed.com |access-date=13 October 2012}}</ref> The first version of MySQL appeared on 23 May 1995. It was initially created for personal usage from [[mSQL]] based on the low-level language [[ISAM]], which the creators considered too slow and inflexible. They created a new [[SQL]] interface, while keeping the same [[API]] as mSQL. By keeping the API consistent with the mSQL system, many developers were able to use MySQL instead of the (proprietarily licensed) mSQL antecedent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pachev |first=Sasha |title=MySQL History and Architecture |url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/understanding-mysql-internals/0596009577/ch01.html |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=www.oreilly.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Milestones===
Additional milestones in MySQL development included:
* First internal release on 23 May 1995
* Version 3.19: End of 1996, from www.tcx.se
* Version 3.20: January 1997
* Windows version was released on 8 January 1998 for Windows 95 and NT
* Version 3.21: production release 1998, from www.mysql.com
* Version 3.22: alpha, beta from 1998
* Version 3.23: beta from June 2000, production release 22 January 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysql.com/news/article-54.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010815175526/http://www.mysql.com/news/article-54.html |archive-date=15 August 2001 |title=MySQL 3.23 Declared Stable}}</ref>
* Version 4.0: beta from August 2002, production release March 2003 ([[Set operations (SQL)|unions]]).
* Version 4.1: beta from June 2004, production release October 2004 ([[R-tree]]s and [[B-tree]]s, subqueries, prepared statements).
* Version 5.0: beta from March 2005, production release October 2005 (cursors, stored procedures, triggers, views, [[Database transaction|XA transactions]]).
** The developer of the Federated Storage Engine states that "The Federated Storage Engine is a [[proof of concept|proof-of-concept]] storage engine",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://capttofu.livejournal.com/5798.html |title=Capttofu: FederatedX Pluggable Storage Engine Released! |publisher=Capttofu.livejournal.com |access-date=3 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813040439/http://capttofu.livejournal.com/5798.html |archive-date=13 August 2011}}</ref> but the main distributions of MySQL version 5.0 included it and turned it on by default. Documentation of some of the short-comings appears in "MySQL Federated Tables: The Missing Manual".<ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2006 |title=MySQL Federated Tables: The Missing Manual |url=http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/databases/2006/08/10/mysql-federated-tables.html |url-status=dead |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=O'Reilly Media |archive-date=13 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813161552/http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/databases/2006/08/10/mysql-federated-tables.html }}</ref>
* [[Sun Microsystems]] acquired MySQL AB in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Arrington |first=Michael |date=2008-01-16 |title=Sun Picks Up MySQL For $1 Billion; Open Source Is A Legitimate Business Model |url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/01/16/sun-picks-up-mysql-for-1-billion-open-source-is-a-legitimate-business-model/ |access-date=13 October 2012 |website=www.techcrunch.com}}</ref>
* Version 5.1: production release 27 November 2008 (event scheduler, [[Partition (database)|partitioning]], plugin API, row-based replication, [[server log]] tables)
** Version 5.1 contained 20 known crashing and wrong result bugs in addition to the 35 present in version 5.0 ''(almost all fixed as of release 5.1.51)''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetmysql.org/entry.php?id=16232 |title=Archives – Oops, we did it again (MySQL 5.1 released as GA with crashing bugs) |publisher=Planet MySQL |date=29 November 2008 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032718/http://www.planetmysql.org/entry.php?id=16232 |archive-date=30 December 2008}}</ref>
** MySQL 5.1 and 6.0-alpha showed poor performance when used for [[data warehousing]]{{snd}} partly due to its inability to utilize multiple CPU cores for processing a single query.<ref>{{cite web |author=Zaitsev |first=Peter |date=2008-04-10 |title=TPC-H Run on MySQL 5.1 and 6.0 |url=http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2008/04/10/tpc-h-run-on-mysql-51-and-60/ |access-date=8 June 2009 |website=MySQL Performance Blog}}</ref>
* Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems on 27 January 2010.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/044428 |title=Oracle Completes Acquisition of Sun|publisher=Oracle |date=27 January 2010 |access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Overview and Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.oracle.com/us/assets/038563.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211190401/https://www.oracle.com/us/assets/038563.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Krill |first=Paul |date=27 January 2010 |title=Oracle's ambitious plans for integrating Sun's technology |work=InfoWorld |url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/2627785/m-a/oracle-s-ambitious-plans-for-integrating-sun-s-technology.html |access-date=2018-05-08}}</ref>
* The day Oracle announced the purchase of Sun, Michael "Monty" Widenius forked MySQL, launching [[MariaDB]], and took a swath of MySQL developers with him.<ref name="dead">{{cite news |last=Pearce |first=Rohan |date=28 March 2013 |title=Dead database walking: MySQL's creator on why the future belongs to MariaDB |work=[[Computerworld]] |url=https://www2.computerworld.com.au/article/457551/dead_database_walking_mysql_creator_why_future_belongs_mariadb/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003111459/https://www2.computerworld.com.au/article/457551/dead_database_walking_mysql_creator_why_future_belongs_mariadb/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Geir Høydalsvik at Percona Live Europe 2018 3.jpg|thumb|right|Geir Høydalsvik, current Senior Software Development Director for MySQL at Oracle in 2018]]
* MySQL Server 5.5 was generally available ({{as of|2010|12|lc=on}}). Enhancements and features include:
** The default storage engine is [[InnoDB]], which supports transactions and referential integrity constraints.
** Improved InnoDB I/O subsystem<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/innodb-io-changes.html|title=InnoDB I/O Subsystem Changes|publisher=dev.mysql.com|access-date=1 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210005904/http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/innodb-io-changes.html|archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref>
** Improved [[Symmetric multiprocessing|SMP]] support<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/smp-improvements.html |title=Scalability Improvements |publisher=dev.mysql.com |access-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210005914/http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/smp-improvements.html |archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref>
** Semisynchronous replication.
** SIGNAL and RESIGNAL statement in compliance with the SQL standard.
** Support for supplementary Unicode character sets utf16, utf32, and utf8mb4.{{efn|name=utf8mb4}}
** New options for user-defined partitioning.
* MySQL Server 6.0.11-alpha was announced<ref>{{cite web |title=MySQL Lists: packagers: MySQL 6.0.11 Alpha has been released! |url=http://lists.mysql.com/packagers/418 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 February 2012 |website= |publisher=Lists.mysql.com |archive-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323235154/http://lists.mysql.com/packagers/418 }}</ref> on 22 May 2009 as the last release of the 6.0 line. Future MySQL Server development uses a New Release Model. Features developed for 6.0 are being incorporated into future releases.
* The general availability of MySQL&nbsp;5.6 was announced in February 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1904335 |title=Oracle Announces General Availability of MySQL 5.6 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613191021/http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1904335 |url-status=dead }}</ref> New features included performance improvements to the [[query optimizer]], higher transactional throughput in InnoDB, new [[NoSQL]]-style memcached APIs, improvements to partitioning for querying and managing very large tables, {{mono|TIMESTAMP}} column type that correctly stores milliseconds, improvements to replication, and better performance monitoring by expanding the data available through the {{mono|PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/whats-new-in-mysql-5.6.html|title=What's New in MySQL 5.6|publisher=MySQL Developer Zone|access-date=21 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423052507/http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/whats-new-in-mysql-5.6.html|archive-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> The InnoDB storage engine also included support for full-text search and improved group commit performance.
* The general availability of MySQL&nbsp;5.7 was announced in October 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Announces General Availability of MySQL 5.7 |url=https://www.oracle.com/corporate/pressrelease/mysql-5-7-ga-101915.html |url-status=dead |access-date=1 November 2015 |publisher=Oracle |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123022325/https://www.oracle.com/corporate/pressrelease/mysql-5-7-ga-101915.html }}</ref> As of MySQL 5.7.8, August 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MySQL :: MySQL 5.7 Release Notes :: Changes in MySQL 5.7.8 (2015-08-03, Release Candidate) |url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.7/en/news-5-7-8.html#mysqld-5-7-8-json |access-date=10 October 2019 |website=dev.mysql.com}}</ref> MySQL supports a native [[JSON]] data type defined by RFC 7159.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/json.html|title=MySQL :: MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual :: 11.6 The JSON Data Type|website=dev.mysql.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite IETF|year=2014 |access-date=10 October 2019|rfc=7159|editor-last1=Bray |editor-first1=T |last1=Bray |first1=T.  }}</ref>
* MySQL Server 8.0 was announced in April 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/mysql/announcing-general-availability-of-mysql-80|title=Announcing General Availability of MySQL 8.0|first=Mike|last=Frank|website=blogs.oracle.com|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> including NoSQL Document Store, atomic and crash safe DDL sentences and [[JSON]] Extended syntax, new functions, such as JSON table functions, improved sorting, and partial updates. Previous MySQL Server 8.0.0-dmr (Milestone Release) was announced 12 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.mysql.com/announce/1106 |title=8.0.0-dmr (Milestone Release) |access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref>
* MySQL was declared DBMS of the year 2019 from the [[DB-Engines ranking]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Gelbmann |first=Matthias |date=2020-01-03 |title=MySQL is the DBMS of the Year 2019 |url=https://db-engines.com/en/blog_post/83 |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=db-engines.com |publisher=DB-Engines}}</ref>

=== Release history ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Release
! General availability
! Latest minor version
! Latest release
! End of support<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oracle.com/us/support/library/lifetime-support-technology-069183.pdf|title=Oracle Lifetime Support Policy|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/blog-archive/introducing-mysql-innovation-and-long-term-support-lts-versions/|title= Introducing MySQL Innovation and Long-Term Support (LTS) versions |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| {{Version |o |5.1 LTS}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2008|11|14}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17952_01/mysql-5.1-en/faqs-general.html|title=A.1 MySQL 5.1 FAQ: General|website=docs.oracle.com|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209011159/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17952_01/mysql-5.1-en/faqs-general.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" | 5.1.73<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17952_01/mysql-5.1-relnotes-en/news-5-1-73.html|title=2 Changes in MySQL 5.1.73 (2013-12-03)|website=docs.oracle.com|access-date=2020-04-28|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130230511/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17952_01/mysql-5.1-relnotes-en/news-5-1-73.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 2013-12-03
| Dec 2013
|-
| {{Version |o |5.5 LTS}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2010|12|03}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.5/en/|title=MySQL: MySQL 5.5 Release Notes|website=dev.mysql.com|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" | 5.5.62<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17952_01/mysql-5.5-relnotes-en/news-5-5-62.html|title=2 Changes in MySQL 5.5.62 (2018-10-22, General availability)|website=docs.oracle.com|access-date=2020-04-28|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130230510/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17952_01/mysql-5.5-relnotes-en/news-5-5-62.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 2018-10-22
| Dec 2018
|-
| {{Version |o |5.6 LTS}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2013|02|05}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.6/en/|title=MySQL: MySQL 5.6 Release Notes|website=dev.mysql.com|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" | 5.6.51<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.6/en/news-5-6-51.html|title=MySQL :: MySQL 5.6 Release Notes :: Changes in MySQL 5.6.51 (2021-01-20, General Availability)|website=dev.mysql.com|access-date=2021-03-04|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120032943/https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.6/en/news-5-6-51.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 2021-01-20
| Feb 2021
|-
| {{Version |o |5.7 LTS}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2015|10|21}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.7/en/|title=MySQL: MySQL 5.7 Release Notes|website=dev.mysql.com|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" | 5.7.44<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changes in MySQL 5.7.44 (2023-10-25, General Availability) |url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.7/en/news-5-7-44.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=dev.mysql.com}}</ref>
| 2023-10-25
| Oct 2023
|-
| {{Version |co |8.0 LTS}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2018|04|19}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mysqlserverteam.com/whats-new-in-mysql-8-0-generally-available/|title=What's New in MySQL 8.0? (Generally Available)|first=Geir|last=Hoydalsvik|date=19 April 2018|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826120020/https://mysqlserverteam.com/whats-new-in-mysql-8-0-generally-available/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" | 8.0.42<ref>{{Cite web |title=MySQL :: MySQL 8.0 Release Notes :: Changes in MySQL 8.0.42 (2025-04-15, General Availability) |url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.0/en/news-8-0-42.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=dev.mysql.com}}</ref>
| 2025-04-15
| Apr 2026
|-
| {{Version |o |8.1 IR}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|07|18}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.1/en/mysql-nutshell.html|title=What Is New in MySQL 8.1| date=18 July 2023|access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" | 8.1.0<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.1/en/news-8-1-0.html|title= Changes in MySQL 8.1.0 (2023-07-18, Innovation Release)| date=18 July 2023|access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>
| 2023-07-18
| Oct 2023
|-
| {{Version |o |8.2 IR}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|10|25}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.2/en/mysql-nutshell.html|title=What Is New in MySQL 8.2| date=25 October 2023|access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" | 8.2.0<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.2/en/news-8-2-0.html|title= Changes in MySQL 8.2.0 (2023-08-25, Innovation Release)| date=25 October 2023|access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>
| 2023-10-25
| Jan 2024
|-
| {{Version |o |8.3 IR}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|01|16}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.3/en/mysql-nutshell.html|title=What Is New in MySQL 8.3| date=16 January 2024|access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" | 8.3.0<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.3/en/news-8-3-0.html|title= Changes in MySQL 8.3.0 (2024-01-16, Innovation Release)| date=16 January 2024|access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>
| 2024-01-16
| Apr 2024
|-
| {{Version |c |8.4 LTS}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|04|30}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/mysql-nutshell.html|title=What Is New in MySQL 8.4 since MySQL 8.0(Generally Available)|first=Geir|last=Hoydalsvik|date=30 April 2024|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" | 8.4.5<ref>{{Cite web |title=MySQL :: MySQL 8.4 Release Notes :: Changes in MySQL 8.4.5 (2025-04-15, General Availability) |url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.4/en/news-8-4-5.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=dev.mysql.com}}</ref>
| 2025-04-15
| Apr 2032
|-
| {{Version |o |9.0 IR}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|07|01}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/9.0/en/mysql-nutshell.html|title=What Is New in MySQL 9.0|date=1 June 2024|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" | 9.0.1<ref>{{Cite web |title=MySQL :: MySQL 9.0 Release Notes :: Changes in MySQL 9.0.1 (2024-07-23, General Availability) |url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/9.0/en/news-9-0-1.html |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=dev.mysql.com}}</ref>
| 2024-07-23
| Oct 2024
|-
| {{Version |o |9.1 IR}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|10|15}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/9.1/en/mysql-nutshell.html|title=What Is New in MySQL 9.1|date=15 October 2024|access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" | 9.1.0<ref>{{Cite web |title=MySQL :: MySQL 9.1 Release Notes :: Changes in MySQL 9.1.0 (2024-10-15, Innovation Release) |url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/9.1/en/news-9-1-0.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=dev.mysql.com}}</ref>
| 2024-10-15
| Jan 2025
|-
| {{Version |o |9.2 IR}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2025|01|21}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/9.2/en/mysql-nutshell.html|title=What Is New in MySQL 9.2|date=21 January 2025|access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" | 9.2.0<ref>{{Cite web |title=MySQL :: MySQL 9.2 Release Notes :: Changes in MySQL 9.2.0 (2025-01-21, Innovation Release) |url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/9.2/en/news-9-2-0.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=dev.mysql.com}}</ref>
| 2025-01-21
| Apr 2025
|-
| {{Version |cp |9.3 IR}}
| {{Start date and age|df=yes|2025|04|15}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/9.3/en/mysql-nutshell.html|title=What Is New in MySQL 9.3|date=15 April 2025|access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" | 9.3.0<ref>{{Cite web |title=MySQL :: MySQL 9.3 Release Notes :: Changes in MySQL 9.3.0 (2025-04-15, Innovation Release) |url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/9.3/en/news-9-3-0.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=dev.mysql.com}}</ref>
| 2025-04-15
| Jul 2025
|-
| colspan="5" | <small>{{Version |l |show=111110}} '''LTS''' = ''Long-Term Support'', '''IR''' = ''Innovation Release''</small>
|}

Work on version 6 stopped after the Sun Microsystems acquisition. The MySQL Cluster product uses version 7. The decision was made to jump to version 8 as the next major version number.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opensource.com/article/17/2/mysql-8-coming|title=MySQL 8 is coming|website=opensource.com|access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref>

===Legal disputes and acquisitions===
On 15 June 2001, NuSphere sued MySQL AB, TcX DataKonsult AB and its original authors Michael ("Monty") Widenius and David Axmark in U.S. District Court in Boston for "breach of contract, [[tortious interference]] with third party contracts and relationships and unfair competition".<ref>{{cite mailing list |url=http://no.spam.ee/~tonu/mysql/tombasil.txt |title=Eyewitness account: "Monty Widenius, International Fugitive" |date=4 September 2001 |access-date=16 September 2012 |mailing-list=MySQL Life |last=Basil |first=Tom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214013/http://no.spam.ee/~tonu/mysql/tombasil.txt |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mysql.com/news/article-75.html |title=FAQ on MySQL vs. NuSphere Dispute |date=13 July 2001 |publisher=MySQL AB |access-date=16 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010717185237/http://mysql.com/news/article-75.html |archive-date=17 July 2001}}</ref>

In 2002, MySQL AB sued Progress NuSphere for [[Copyright infringement|copyright]] and [[trademark infringement]] in [[U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts|United States district court]]. NuSphere had allegedly violated MySQL AB's copyright by linking MySQL's GPL'ed code with NuSphere Gemini table without being in compliance with the license.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsf.org/press/mysql-affidavit.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207084821/http://www.fsf.org/press/mysql-affidavit.html|archive-date=2005-02-07|title=Affidavit of Eben Moglen on Progress Software vs. MySQL AB Preliminary Injunction Hearing}}</ref> After a preliminary hearing before [[Patti B. Saris|Judge Patti Saris]] on 27 February 2002, the parties entered settlement talks and eventually settled.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Progress Software Corporation v. MySQL AB |vol=195 |reporter=F. Supp. 2d |opinion=328 |court=D. Mass. |year=2002 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13584730711160488510 |access-date=16 September 2012}}</ref> After the hearing, [[Free Software Foundation|FSF]] commented that "Judge Saris made clear that she sees the GNU GPL to be an enforceable and binding license."<ref>{{cite press release |title=Judge Saris defers GNU GPL Questions for Trial in MySQL vs. Progress Software |publisher=Free Software Foundation |date=1 March 2002 |url=https://www.gnu.org/press/2002-03-01-pi-MySQL.html |access-date=16 September 2012}}</ref>

In October 2005, Oracle Corporation acquired [[Innobase]] OY, the [[Finland|Finnish]] company that developed the third-party InnoDB storage engine that allows MySQL to provide such functionality as transactions and [[foreign key]]s. After the acquisition, an Oracle [[News release|press release]] mentioned that the contracts that make the company's software available to [[MySQL AB]] would be due for renewal (and presumably renegotiation) some time in 2006.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Oracle Announces the Acquisition of Open Source Software Company, Innobase |publisher=Oracle |date=7 October 2005 |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/016679_EN |access-date=16 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720225615/http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/016679_EN |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the MySQL Users Conference in April 2006, MySQL AB issued a press release that confirmed that MySQL AB and Innobase OY agreed to a "multi-year" extension of their licensing agreement.<ref>{{cite press release |title=MySQL to Promote New Open Source DB Engines from its Partners and Dev Community |publisher=MySQL AB |date=26 April 2006 |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060426005579/en/MySQL-AB-Promote-Open-Source-Database-Engines |access-date=16 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623190958/http://www.mysql.com/news-and-events/generate-article.php?id=2006_21 |archive-date=23 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2006, Oracle Corporation acquired [[Sleepycat Software]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=180200853 |title=Oracle Buys Sleepycat, Is JBoss Next? |last=Babcock |first=Charles |date=14 February 2006 |work=InformationWeek |publisher=CPM Media |access-date=16 September 2012 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515023408/http://www.informationweek.com/software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=180200853 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makers of the [[Berkeley DB]], a database engine providing the basis for another MySQL storage engine. This had little effect, as Berkeley DB was not widely used, and was dropped (due to lack of use) in MySQL 5.1.12, a pre-GA release of MySQL 5.1 released in October 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/news-5-1-12.html |title=Changes in MySQL 5.1.12 |date=24 October 2006 |work=MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual |publisher=MySQL AB |access-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020222957/http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/news-5-1-12.html |archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>

In January 2008, Sun Microsystems bought MySQL AB for $1 billion.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Sun Microsystems Announces Agreement to Acquire MySQL, Developer of the World's Most Popular Open Source Database |publisher=Sun Microsystems |date=16 January 2008 |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080116005349/en/Sun-Microsystems-Announces-Agreement-Acquire-MySQL-Developer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044718/http://mysql.com/news-and-events/sun-to-acquire-mysql.html |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In April 2009, Oracle Corporation entered into an agreement to purchase Sun Microsystems,<ref>{{cite press release |title=Oracle to Buy Sun |publisher=Sun Microsystems |date=20 April 2009 |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090420005760/en/Oracle-Buy-Sun |access-date=16 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422033454/http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/pr/2009-04/sunflash.20090420.1.xml |archive-date=22 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> then owners of MySQL copyright and trademark. Sun's board of directors unanimously approved the deal. It was also approved by Sun's shareholders, and by the U.S. government on 20 August 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oracle wins U.S. approval to buy Sun Microsystems |last1=Thomasch |first1=Paul |last2=Finkle |first2=Jim |date=20 August 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/sun-oracle/update-1-oracle-wins-u-s-approval-to-buy-sun-microsystems-idUSN2053486920090820 |work=Reuters |access-date=2 March 2020 }}</ref> On 14 December 2009, Oracle pledged to continue to enhance MySQL<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10414686-92.html |title=Oracle pledges to play well with MySQL |last=Whitney |first=Lance |date=14 December 2009 |website=CNET |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312052010/http://www.cnet.com/news/oracle-pledges-to-play-well-with-mysql/|archive-date=12 March 2016|access-date=16 September 2012}}</ref> as it had done for the previous four years.

A movement against Oracle's acquisition of MySQL AB, to "Save MySQL"<ref>{{cite web |title=Help saving MySQL |url=http://monty-says.blogspot.com/2009/12/help-saving-mysql.html |last=Michael |first=Widenius |date=12 December 2009 |work=Monty Says |publisher=Google |access-date=16 September 2012}}</ref> from Oracle was started by one of the MySQL AB founders, [[Monty Widenius]]. The petition of 50,000+ developers and users called upon the European Commission to block approval of the acquisition. At the same time, some Free Software [[opinion leadership|opinion leaders]] (including [[Pamela Jones]] of [[Groklaw]], Jan Wildeboer and [[Carlo Piana]], who also acted as co-counsel in the merger regulation procedure) advocated for the unconditional approval of the merger.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.softwarefreedom.org/news/2009/dec/04/software-freedom-law-center-submits-opinion-oracle/ |title=The Software Freedom Law Center Submits an Opinion on the Oracle/Sun Merger to the EC |date=2009-12-04 |website=www.softwarefreedom.org |publisher=Software Freedom Law Center |access-date=2018-02-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2630216/database/many-open-sourcers-back-an-oracle-takeover-of-mysql.html |title=Many open-sourcers back an Oracle takeover of MySQL |last=Lai |first=Eric |date=2009-10-28 |website=www.infoworld.com |publisher=InfoWorld |access-date=2018-02-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jan.wildeboer.net/2010/01/why-i-will-not-sign-the-mysql-petition/ |title=Why I will not sign the MySQL petition |last=Wildeboer |first=Jan |date=2010-01-05 |website=jan.wildeboer.net |access-date=2018-02-01 }}</ref> As part of the negotiations with the European Commission, Oracle committed that MySQL server will continue until at least 2015 to use the dual-licensing strategy long used by MySQL AB, with proprietary and GPL versions available. The antitrust of the EU had been "pressuring it to divest MySQL as a condition for approval of the merger". But the [[United States Department of Justice|US Department of Justice]], at the request of Oracle, pressured the EU to approve the merger unconditionally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/239132/wikileaks_cable_offers_new_insights_into_oraclesun_deal.html |title=Wikileaks Cable Offers New Insights into Oracle-Sun Deal |last=Kanaracus |first=Chris |date=30 August 2011 |work=[[PC World]] |access-date=16 September 2012}}</ref> The European Commission eventually unconditionally approved Oracle's acquisition of MySQL AB on 21 January 2010.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Mergers: Commission clears Oracle's proposed acquisition of Sun Microsystems |publisher=European Union |date=21 January 2010 |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/40 |access-date=16 September 2012}}</ref>

In January 2010, before Oracle's acquisition of MySQL AB, Monty Widenius started a GPL-only [[Fork (software development)|fork]], [[MariaDB]]. MariaDB is based on the same code base as MySQL server 5.5 and aims to maintain compatibility with Oracle-provided versions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-vs-mysql-compatibility/|title=MariaDB versus MySQL - Compatibility|website=MariaDB KnowledgeBase|access-date=2020-04-03|quote=MariaDB versions function as a "drop-in replacement" for the equivalent MySQL version, with some limitations.}}</ref>