Editing Mustafa II (section)

==Reign==
===Great Turkish War===
During his reign the [[Great Turkish War]], which had started in 1683, was still going on. After the failure of the second [[Siege of Vienna (1683)]] the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]] had captured large parts of the Empire's territory in Europe. The Habsburg armies came as far as [[Niš]], modern-day [[Serbia]], before being pushed back across the Danube by 1690. Sultan Mustafa II was determined to recapture the lost territories in [[Hungary]] and therefore he personally commanded his armies. He set out from [[Niš]] with a large [[Ottoman Army]] to campaign against the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]].

===Capture of Chios===
First, the [[Ottoman Navy]] recaptured the island of [[Chios]] after defeating the Venetian Fleet twice, in the [[Battle of the Oinousses Islands]] (1695) and in the [[Battle of Chios (1695)|Battle of Chios]] (1695), in February 1695.<ref name="kultur1">[http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,32007/chronology.html Bilgi<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Somel|first1=Selcuk Aksin|title=Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire|year=2003|publisher=Scarecrow Press, 2003|isbn=0810866064|page=XIIV chronology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC&q=ottoman+mustafa+chios&pg=PR44}}</ref> In June 1695, Mustafa II left [[Edirne]] for his first military campaign against the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]]. By September 1695 the town of [[Lipova, Arad|Lipova]] was captured. On 18 September 1695 the Venetian Navy was again defeated in the naval victory of [[Battle of Zeytinburnu|Zeytinburnu]]. A few days later the Habsburg army was defeated in the [[Battle of Lugos]]. Afterwards the [[Ottoman Army]] returned to the capital. Meanwhile, the Ottoman fortress in [[Azov]] was [[Azov campaigns (1695–96)|successfully defended]] against the besieging [[Tsardom of Russia|Russian]] forces.<ref name="kultur1"/>

As Mustafa attempted to realize his thoughts quickly, the island of Chios, which had previously fallen into the hands of the Venetians, was taken back at that time, the Crimean Tatars Shahbaz Giray entered the territory of Poland and proceeded to Lemberg (Lviv), and returned with many captives and booty. There were reports that the Venetians were influenced by the Ottoman forces on the Herzegovina front in Peloponnese. Especially the recovery of Chios was considered auspicious and was celebrated with great festivities in Edirne. Meanwhile, the tips of the people were distributed to the locals.<ref> {{cite web|title= Mustafa II مصطفی (ö. 1115/1703) Osmanlı padişahı (1695–1703)|url= https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mustafa-ii|website=İslam Ansiklopedisi|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>

===Habsburg wars===
In April 1696 Mustafa II left [[Edirne]] for his second military campaign against the Habsburg Empire. In August 1696 the Russians besieged Azov for the second time and captured the fortress. In August 1696 the Ottoman troops defeated the Habsburg army in the [[Battle of Ulaş]] and in the [[Battle of Cenei]]. After these victories the Ottoman troops captured [[Timișoara]] and Koca Cafer Pasha was appointed as the protector of [[Belgrade]]. Afterwards the army returned to the Ottoman capital.<ref name="kultur1"/>

In June 1697 Mustafa II left the capital on his third military campaign against the Habsburg Empire. However, the Ottoman Army suffered a defeat in the [[Battle of Zenta]] and [[Grand Vizier]] [[Elmas Mehmed Pasha]] died in the battle. Afterwards the Ottomans signed a treaty with the Holy League.<ref name="kultur1"/>

The most traumatic event of his reign was the loss of [[Hungary]] by the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] in 1699.

Yet even if Ottoman power seemed to wane on one side of the empire, this did not mean that Ottoman efforts at expansion ceased. In 1700, for example, the Grand Vizier [[Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha|Amcazade Hüseyin]] boasted to a recalcitrant tribe residing in swamps near Baghdad that they ought to abide by the sultan's rule, since his grasp extended even to their marshy redoubts. The Grand Vizier added that, after all, Mustafa II was "the Lord of Water and Mud."<ref>{{Cite journal|title = In the Bellies of the Marshes: Water and Power in the Countryside of Ottoman Baghdad|last = Husain|first = Faisal|date = October 2014|journal = Environmental History|volume = 19|issue = 4|pages = 638–664|doi = 10.1093/envhis/emu067}}</ref>

At the end of his reign, Mustafa II sought to restore power to the Sultanate, which had been an increasingly symbolic position since the middle of the 17th century, when Mehmed IV had signed over his executive powers to the Grand Vizier. Mustafa II's strategy was to create an alternative base of power for himself by making the position of [[Timariot|timars]], the Ottoman cavalrymen, hereditary and thus loyal to him. The timars, however, were at this point increasingly an obsolete part of the Ottoman military machine.

===Deposition===
The stratagem failed, the disaffected troops bound to a [[Ottoman invasion of western Georgia (1703)|Georgian campaign]] mutinied in the capital (called the "[[Edirne incident|Edirne event]]" by historians), and Mustafa was deposed on 22 August 1703.